Multi‐method virtual electromagnetic experiments for developing suitable monitoring designs: A fictitious CO2 sequestration scenario in Northern Germany          下载免费PDF全文

Jana H. Börner  Feiyan Wang  Julia Weißflog  Matthias Bär  Ines Görz  Klaus Spitzer 《Geophysical Prospecting》2015,63(6):1430-1449

We present a numerical study for 3D time‐lapse electromagnetic monitoring of a fictitious CO₂ sequestration using the geometry of a real geological site and a suite of suitable electromagnetic methods with different source/receiver configurations and different sensitivity patterns. All available geological information is processed and directly implemented into the computational domain, which is discretized by unstructured tetrahedral grids. We thus demonstrate the performance capability of our numerical simulation techniques. The scenario considers a CO₂ injection in approximately 1100 m depth. The expected changes in conductivity were inferred from preceding laboratory measurements. A resistive anomaly is caused within the conductive brines of the undisturbed reservoir horizon. The resistive nature of the anomaly is enhanced by the CO₂ dissolution regime, which prevails in the high‐salinity environment. Due to the physicochemical properties of CO₂, the affected portion of the subsurface is laterally widespread but very thin. We combine controlled‐source electromagnetics, borehole transient electromagnetics, and the direct‐current resistivity method to perform a virtual experiment with the aim of scrutinizing a set of source/receiver configurations with respect to coverage, resolution, and detectability of the anomalous CO₂ plume prior to the field survey. Our simulation studies are carried out using the 3D codes developed in our working group. They are all based on linear and higher order Lagrange and Nédélec finite‐element formulations on unstructured grids, providing the necessary flexibility with respect to the complex real‐world geometry. We provide different strategies for addressing the accuracy of numerical simulations in the case of arbitrary structures. The presented computations demonstrate the expected great advantage of positioning transmitters or receivers close to the target. For direct‐current geoelectrics, 50% change in electric potential may be detected even at the Earth's surface. Monitoring with inductive methods is also promising. For a well‐positioned surface transmitter, more than 10% difference in the vertical electric field is predicted for a receiver located 200 m above the target. Our borehole transient electromagnetics results demonstrate that traditional transient electromagnetics with a vertical magnetic dipole source is not well suited for monitoring a thin horizontal resistive target. This is due to the mainly horizontal current system, which is induced by a vertical magnetic dipole.  相似文献   

2013年四川芦山M_S7.0地震 强地面运动模拟   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

药晓东  章文波 《地震学报》2015,37(4):599-616

运用经验格林函数法模拟2013年4月20日芦山M_S7.0地震的近场强地面运动. 在拟合过程中, 首先参考前人远场反演结果给出的滑动量分布特征和主震波形的包络线特征, 确定强震动生成区的大致范围和数量; 然后利用Somerville等提出的地震矩与凹凸体面积的经验关系式确定强震动生成区细小划分的初值, 继而利用遗传优化算法确定以上二者的最优值及其它震源参数. 将数值模拟波形与实际地震观测记录在时间域和频率域分别进行比较, 结果显示, 在所选取的30个观测台站中, 多数台站的数值模拟结果与实际观测结果符合得很好, 特别是大于1 Hz的高频部分. 断层面上有两个强震动生成区, 其位置与前人反演的滑动量集中分布区相一致, 而且强震动生成区规模比Somerville等获得的标度率估计值要小.   相似文献   

基于SWAT模型的梅江流域非点源污染时空分布特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

盛盈盈  赖格英  李世伟 《热带地理》2015,35(3):306-314

利用SWAT模型对亚热带季风湿润区红壤背景下江西省梅江流域非点源污染进行了模拟,并根据实测数据对模型的参数进行了率定和验证。在确定模型适用性的基础上,进行氮、磷营养盐负荷计算,分析了流域非点源污染负荷时空分布特征。结果表明：研究区非点源污染负荷具有显著的时空分布特征,在时间变化上,氮、磷污染负荷与降雨有明显相关性,R2分别是0.909和0.921;硝态氮年平均污染物负荷排放方式主要以下渗为主,下渗硝态氮排放量占总量的63%,与流域内高植被覆盖率有关;在空间分布上,有机氮与有机磷空间分布基本一致,流域内污染物主要分布在梅江中下游的黄陂河与会同河流域,不同土地利用下非点源污染负荷以耕地排放量为主。  相似文献   

藏北羌塘盆地QK-1井中侏罗统烃源岩地球化学特征     

肖睿  祝有海  王平康  庞守吉  张帅  黄霞 《现代地质》2015,29(1):163-170

QK-1天然气水合物钻探试验井位于西藏羌塘盆地毕洛错地区,主要钻遇中侏罗统夏里组粉砂质泥岩和布曲组灰岩。其有机质丰度、有机质类型、有机质成熟度等有机地球化学特征表明,南羌塘地区中侏罗统烃源岩的有机质丰度偏低,夏里组泥岩TOC介于0.26%~0.38%之间,达到差-中烃源岩标准,而布曲组灰岩TOC介于0.02%~0.08%之间,仅局部达到差烃源岩标准;两个组的烃源岩有机质类型主要为Ⅱ₂型及Ⅲ型,较利于天然气的生成,其中夏里组的生气能力优于布曲组;该区烃源岩热演化程度较高,Ro为1.31%~1.63%之间,均达到高成熟阶段,而夏里组有可能已进入干气阶段。基于冻土区天然气水合物成藏条件分析,综合考虑夏里组烃源岩及沉积厚度特征,认为中侏罗统夏里组具备良好的天然气水合物勘探前景。  相似文献   

Interpretation of magnetic and gravity gradient tensor data using normalized source strength – A case study from McFaulds Lake,Northern Ontario,Canada     

Majid Beiki  Pierre Keating  David A. Clark 《Geophysical Prospecting》2014,62(5):1180-1192

In this paper, we present a case study on the use of the normalized source strength (NSS) for interpretation of magnetic and gravity gradient tensors data. This application arises in exploration of nickel, copper and platinum group element (Ni‐Cu‐PGE) deposits in the McFaulds Lake area, Northern Ontario, Canada. In this study, we have used the normalized source strength function derived from recent high resolution aeromagnetic and gravity gradiometry data for locating geological bodies. In our algorithm, we use maxima of the normalized source strength for estimating the horizontal location of the causative body. Then we estimate depth to the source and structural index at that point using the ratio between the normalized source strength and its vertical derivative calculated at two levels; the measurement level and a height h above the measurement level. To discriminate more reliable solutions from spurious ones, we reject solutions with unreasonable estimated structural indices. This method uses an upward continuation filter which reduces the effect of high frequency noise. In the magnetic case, the advantage is that, in general, the normalized magnetic source strength is relatively insensitive to magnetization direction, thus it provides more reliable information than standard techniques when geologic bodies carry remanent magnetization. For dipping gravity sources, the calculated normalized source strength yields a reliable estimate of the source location by peaking right above the top surface. Application of the method on aeromagnetic and gravity gradient tensor data sets from McFaulds Lake area indicates that most of the gravity and magnetic sources are located just beneath a 20 m thick (on average) overburden and delineated magnetic and gravity sources which can be probably approximated by geological contacts and thin dikes, come up to the overburden.  相似文献   

Numerical modelling of aeolian erosion over a surface with non‐uniformly distributed roughness elements          下载免费PDF全文

B. Furieri  J. L. Harion  M. Milliez  S. Russeil  J. M. Santos 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2014,39(2):156-166

The present study is focused on the analysis of the mean wall friction velocity on a surface including roughness elements exposed to a turbulent boundary layer. These roughness elements represent non‐erodible particles over an erodible surface of an agglomeration of granular material on industrial sites. A first study has proposed a formulation that describes the evolution of the friction velocity as a function of geometrical parameters and cover rate with different uniform roughness distributions. The present simulations deal with non‐uniform distributions of particles with a random sampling of diameters, heights, positions and arrangements. The evolution (relative to geometrical parameters of the roughness elements) of the friction velocity for several non‐uniform distributions of roughness elements was analysed by the equation proposed in the literature and compared to the results obtained with the numerical simulations. This comparison showed very good agreement. Thus, the formulation developed for uniform particles was found also to be valid for a larger spectrum of particles noted on industrial sites. The present work aims also to investigate in detail the fluid mechanics over several roughness particles. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

鲁东地区视应力时空变化特征分析   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

王鹏  郑建常 《地震》2014,34(4):70-77

利用山东数字地震台网记录到的山东东部地区2008年以来的地震波形资料,在去除地震序列的余震之后,采用Brune模型,并结合遗传算法反演计算了225 次Mr≥2. 0地震的视应力,讨论了视应力与震级的关系,分析研究了视应力的时空变化特征,并通过视应力的时空变化来研究该区应力状态的特征。结果表明:鲁东地区中小地震的视应力范围在0.06~3.91 MPa,平均应力水平在0.31 MPa,可作为该区的背景应力水平;视应力与震级呈正相关关系,随震级的增加而升高,利用稳态回归拟合初步得到适合于该区的定量统计关系;计算的视应力值减去由震级得到的理论视应力,去除震级的相关性干扰,得到差视应力,能更真实的反应该地区的应力变化特征;视应力的时间变化显示鲁东地区目前正处于应力的积累增强阶段,可能与近期鲁东地区震群频发有关;空间分布显示目前高视应力集中区主要分布在沂沭断裂带安丘段附近和烟台附近地区,对于山东地区年度危险区的判定有一定意义。  相似文献   

Semiannual velocity variations around the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan Earthquake fault zone revealed by ambient noise and ACROSS active source data     

Haichao Chen  ;Hongkui Ge  ;Fenglin Niu 《地震学报(英文版)》2014,(5):529-540

We continuously monitor the long-term seismic velocity variation of one of the major ruptured faults of the devastating 2008 Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake in China from July 2009 to January 2012,jointly using accurately controlled routinely operated signal system active source and seismic noise-based monitoring technique.Our measurements show that the temporal velocity change is not homogeneous and highly localized in the damaged fault zone and the adjacent areas.Velocity variations from the active and passive methods are quite consistent,which both are characterized by ±0.2 % seasonal variation,with peak and trough at winter and summer,respectively.The periodic velocity variation within fault zone exhibits remarkably positive correlation with barometric pressure with stress sensitivity in the order of 10-6Pa-1,suggesting that the plausible mechanism might be the crack density variation of the shallow subsurface medium of the damaged fault zone in response to the cyclic barometric pressure loading.  相似文献   

祁连山中东段地区中小地震震源机制和区域应力场     

荣代潞 《地震地磁观测与研究》2014,(3):1-7

利用哥伦比亚大学 GCMT 目录给出的祁连山中东段地区中强地震震源机制资料,研究较大区域（34°-41°N,100°-106°E）的应力场;利用该地区布设的中法微震数字监测台网多年监测资料和甘肃数字监测台网资料,使用 P 波和 S 波初动及振幅比联合反演方法,反演中小地震震源机制解和发震应力场。结果表明,地区构造应力大致为北东40°-45°水平向压应力;景泰地区主压应力方向约北东45°,绝大多数地震为走滑型。天祝-古浪地区有相当部分的逆断层地震分布,主压应力方向约60°,P 轴仰角在10°左右优势分布,大致为水平应力场。这与大区域构造应力场和断层实际分布基本一致。  相似文献   

四川芦山 MS7．0地震震源机制解     

赵旭  ;黄志斌  ;房立华  ;陈宏峰  ;赵博  ;苗春兰 《地震地磁观测与研究》2014,(3):15-24

使用中国数字地震台网记录的区域和远震宽频带波形,通过频率域和时间域多步反演,研究四川芦山 MS 7．0地震基于点源模型的震源机制解和有限断层模型。考虑到使用不同波形资料类型、盆地效应及简化的一维速度模型等给反演震源参数带来的影响,经测试比较,结果表明：使用区域波形和本区域简化一维速度模型,波形拟合误差最小。此次地震表现为高倾角纯逆冲型事件矩心在水平方向上位于震中偏南西向约4．5 km,最佳波形拟合矩心深度约17 km,矩震级 MW约6．6。推断此地震大多数能量主要在震源偏南西约4．5 km 处释放。  相似文献