水文响应单元法在盐渍化风险评价中的应用   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

章光新  邓伟  何岩  RAMSIS Salama 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2005,35(3):356-360

运用水文响应单元（HRUs）法评价洮儿河流域地下水环境空间变化对盐渍化风险等级的影响过程,利用反映地下水环境空间变化的3个重要参数:水文区权重（HZ）、水位埋深（DTW）和水位上升速率（RR）,由其3个等级网格值算术相乘HRU = DTW*RR*HZ在GIS 平台上生成2001年水文响应单元图。结果表明：（1）洮儿河流域整体上盐渍化风险非常小,低风险区主要分布在水文区A、水文区B和水文区D中的安广镇、烧锅镇一带,主要原因是由于区域地下水位下降、水文区A水文及水文地质条件较好;（2）高风险区主要分布在莫莫格湿地、镇赉县境内和来福-叉干镇一带,主要是由于嫩江排泄通道受阻、地表水体的补给以及水田不合理的灌溉造成的。  相似文献   

The effect of increasing gravel cover on forest roads for reduced sediment delivery to stream crossings          下载免费PDF全文

Kristopher R. Brown  Kevin J. McGuire  W. Michael Aust  W. Cully Hession  C. Andrew Dolloff 《水文研究》2015,29(6):1129-1140

Direct sediment inputs from forest roads at stream crossings are a major concern for water quality and aquatic habitat. Legacy road–stream crossing approaches, or the section of road leading to the stream, may have poor water and grade control upon reopening, thus increasing the potential for negative impacts to water quality. Rainfall simulation experiments were conducted on the entire running surface area associated with six reopened stream crossing approaches in the south‐western Virginia Piedmont physiographic region, USA. Event‐based surface run‐off and associated total suspended solid (TSS) concentrations were compared among a succession of gravel surfacing treatments that represented increasing intensities of best management practice (BMP) implementation. The three treatments were no gravel (10–19% cover), low gravel (34–60% cover), and high gravel (50–99% cover). Increased field hydraulic conductivity was associated with maximized surface cover and ranged from 7.2 to 41.6, 11.9 to 46.3, and 16.0 to 58.6 mm h⁻¹ respectively for the no gravel, low gravel, and high gravel treatments. Median TSS concentration of surface run‐off for the no gravel treatment (2.84 g l⁻¹) was greater than low gravel (1.10 g l⁻¹) and high gravel (0.82 g l⁻¹) by factors of 2.6 and 3.5 respectively. Stream crossing approaches with 90–99% surface cover had TSS concentrations below 1 g l⁻¹. Reducing the length of road segments that drain directly to the stream can reduce the costs associated with gravel surfacing. This research demonstrates that judicious and low‐cost BMPs can ameliorate poor water control and soil erosion associated with reopening legacy roads. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Solute dynamics across the stream‐to‐riparian continuum under different flood waves     

Dongsheng Liu  Jian Zhao  Woo‐Hyun Jeon  Jin‐Yong Lee 《水文研究》2019,33(20):2627-2641

To enhance the understanding of solute dynamics within the stream‐to‐riparian continuum during flood event‐driven water fluctuation (i.e., flood wave), a variable saturated groundwater flow and solute transport model were developed and calibrated against in situ measurements of the Inbuk stream, Korea, where seasonal flooding prevails. The solute dynamics were further investigated for flood waves (varying by amplitude [A], duration [T], roundness [r], and skewness [t_p]) that were parameterised by real‐time stream stage fluctuations. We found that the solute transferred faster and farther in the riparian zone, especially within the phreatic zone, above which in the variable saturated zone the concentration required a significantly longer time, particularly at higher altitudes, to return to the initial state. By comparison, solute transferred shallowly in the streambed where the solute plume exhibited an exponential growth trend from the centre to the bank. The dynamic changes of solute flux and mass along the stream–aquifer interface and stream concentration were linked to the shape of flood wave. As the flood wave became higher (A↗), wider (T↗), rounder (r↘), and less skewed (t_p↗), the maximum solute storage in aquifer increased. Maximum stream concentration (C_str?max) not only presented a positive linear relationship with A or t_p but also showed a negative logarithmic trend with increasing T or r. The sensitivity of C_{str_max} to A was approximately two times that of t_p, and between these values, the r was slightly more sensitive than T. C_str?max linearly increased as hydraulic conductivity increased and logarithmically increased as longitudinal dispersivity increased. The former relationship was more sensitive than the latter.  相似文献   

引江济汉工程会商决策支撑系统的开发研究     

陆鑫  邸国辉  梁二鹏 《地理空间信息》2021,19(3):18-20,27

引江济汉工程是南水北调中线一期工程中汉江中下游4项治理工程之一。为了保证引江济汉正常输水,需对工程安全、水质安全、运营管理等进行监控并及时处理应急事件,因此有必要建立引江济汉自动化调度运行管理系统。会商决策支撑系统作为其中的一个子系统,以国产三维GIS平台EV-Globe为三维基础平台,能获取地理信息和综合信息服务系统所提供的相关信息,实现工程调度仿真,从而为调度系统运营中的应急响应和决策提供辅助和支持。  相似文献   

藏南札达盆地上中新统—上新统托林组介形类群落     

陈奋宁  陈锐明  李娜  宋博文  张克信  徐亚东  查显锋 《地质学报》2023,97(10):3180-3197

笔者在西藏南部札达盆地新生代沉积地层中获得了丰富的介形类化石,根据介形类动物群在地层剖面上的分布规律,建立了两个介形类组合带：(1)Ilyocypris bradyi-Cyclocypris orum-Leucocythere dorsotuberosa组合带;(2)Leucocytherella-Candoniella zadaensis-Leucocythere mirabilis组合带。通过对研究区介形类组合带与国内外其他地区相同层位的介形类组合对比研究,将札达盆地托林组的时代厘定为中新世晚期—上新世最晚期。根据介形类动物群在剖面上的分布规律,自下而上建立了7个介形类群落：Candona-Candoniella群落;Ilyocypris-Cyclocypris群落;Leucocythere-Candona群落;Ilyocypris-Leucocythere群落;Leucocythere-Leucocytherella-Candona群落;Leucocythere mirabilis-Candona群落和Ilyocypris-Leucocytherella群落。通过对介形类群落详细...  相似文献   

春季青藏高原西北侧一次平流层臭氧向对流层传输的模拟研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

许平平  田文寿  张健恺  雒佳丽  黄倩  张杰 《气象学报》2015,73(3):529-545

利用NCEP/NCAR FNL客观分析资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)的Interim再分析资料以及臭氧监测仪(OMI)的臭氧廓线资料,结合区域大气化学模式WRF-Chem对中国春季一次高空冷槽过境引起的对流层顶折卷过程(2012年3月19—21日)进行了分析,并从平流、湍流混合、对流输送等几个方面诊断分析了平流层臭氧向对流层的传输特征和细节。结果表明,发生于青藏高原西北侧的对流层顶折卷事件,其所在位置处于热带对流层顶向中纬度对流层顶的过渡区,由于陡峭的对流层顶南北梯度,在该区域发生的平流层-对流层物质交换(STE)比对流层顶东西方向折卷引起的物质交换要强烈和持久,跨越等熵面的物质交换和湍流混合对平流层-对流层物质交换有很大的贡献。大地形对平流层-对流层物质交换过程有显著的影响,且具有明显的日变化特征。早晚时段,大地形导致的爬坡上升气流显著,抑制了平流层空气与对流层空气的混合交换。午后,大地形热力作用增强,受背风坡局地环流的影响,靠近山顶处湍流混合作用对上对流层臭氧浓度升高的贡献显著增强,且地形越高,这种效应越显著。地形的湍流混合作用在2.5 km高度以上凸显,此高度之上地形平均高度每升高100 m,湍流混合的贡献增加约1%。  相似文献   

Ecosystem services or services to ecosystems? Valuing cultivation and reciprocal relationships between humans and ecosystems     

《Global Environmental Change》2015

The concept of Ecosystem Services (ES), widely understood as the “benefits that humans receive from the natural functioning of healthy ecosystems” (Jeffers et al., 2015), depicts a one-way flow of services from ecosystems to people. We argue that this conceptualisation is overly simplistic and largely inaccurate, neglecting the reality that humans often contribute to the maintenance and enhancement of ecosystems, as often evidenced (but not exclusively) in many traditional and Indigenous societies. Management interventions arising from Ecosystem Services research are thus potentially damaging to both ecosystems and indigenous rights. We present the concept of ‘Services to Ecosystems’ (S2E) to address this, closing the loop of the reciprocal relationship between humans and ecosystems. Case studies from the biocultural ecosystems of Amazonia and the Pacific Northwest of North America (Cascadia) are used to illustrate the concept and provide examples of Services to Ecosystems in past and current societies. Finally, an alternative framework is presented, advancing the existing framework for Ecosystem Services by incorporating this reconceptualization and the loop of reciprocity. The framework aims to facilitate the inclusion of Services to Ecosystems in management strategies based upon Ecosystem Services, and highlights the need for ethnographic research in Ecosystem Service-based interventions.  相似文献   

在特殊疫情背景下《城市地理资讯学》MOOC课程教学实施效果分析     

廖萱  陈家朗  郭彦彤  甘振扬  黄文声 《测绘地理信息》2021,46(2):123-126

在新冠肺炎疫情期间,线上教学大规模开展,相关线上教学问题逐渐成为研究热点。传统的测绘地理类课程的教学方式主要是上课时以老师传授知识为主,课后以学生完成作业为辅的方式进行。但是,这种教学方式比较单一,并且在科学化考核和促进学生学习主动性等方面存在诸多问题。然而,线上网络课程是通过互联网以电子设备为教学平台,具有不受教学时空限制、教学方法灵活多样和丰富学生的学习方式等优点。因此,对《城市地理资讯学》MOOC(massive online open courses)课程实施效果进行分析,为其他测绘地理类网络课程设计提供优化思路,同时为无法进行面授教学的特殊时期提供一种有效的教学方案。  相似文献   

顾及多径环境差异和粗差的GNSS-MR土壤湿度反演     

李婷  张显云  邓小东  李宏达  聂士海 《遥感学报》2021,25(6):1324-1337

针对基于单系统单卫星GNSS-MR（GNSS Multipath Reflectometry）土壤湿度反演的可靠性不高、实际可操作性不强和最小二乘估计不具鲁棒性的缺点,为获取更优的延迟相位估值,并改善GNSS-MR土壤湿度反演的可靠性和实际可操作性,同时简化繁杂的选星过程,提出了一种基于抗差估计的多系统多卫星组合GNSS-MR土壤湿度反演算法。该算法首先顾及多径环境的差异性、多径误差的周期特性等进行信噪比SNR（Signal to Noise Ratio）观测值的筛选,然后采用基于IGGIII（Weight Function III Developed by Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics）权函数的抗差估计解求延迟相位,进而获得表征土壤湿度变化趋势的延迟相位组合。实验结果表明,相较于未采用抗差估计的多系统多卫星组合（方案1）和单卫星组合（方案3）,得益于抗差估计良好的鲁棒性,基于抗差估计的多系统多卫星组合（方案2）和单卫星组合（方案4）获得了较高的建模精度,所得延迟相位与实测土壤湿度间的相关系数分别为0.97和0.95、土壤湿度拟合残差的均方根误差分别为0.010和0.012;同时,方案2和方案4还取得了较高的土壤湿度预报精度,土壤湿度预测值与土壤湿度实测值间的相关系数分别为0.92和0.91、土壤湿度预报残差的均方根误差分别为0.016和0.023;此外,相比于方案4,方案2在采用抗差估计解求延迟相位的基础上,采用多系统多卫星组合进一步提升了延迟相位的估值精度,从而不仅避免了复杂的选星过程,而且还获得了更好的建模效果和更高的土壤湿度预报精度。  相似文献   

微型桩桩顶与基础相连的支护方法在紧邻建筑物基坑中的应用          下载免费PDF全文

刘运涛  柳向东  郑成河 《探矿工程》2015,42(6):63-65，70

紧邻建筑物的基坑因空间十分狭小,支护难度很大。结合天津一个基坑工程,介绍了一种微型桩桩顶与基础相连的支护方法。工程实践表明,该方法能够有效控制支护结构水平位移,保证支护结构安全,减小对紧邻基坑的建筑物的影响,降低基坑支护造价,施工便捷,对紧邻建筑物的基坑工程具有一定的借鉴意义。  相似文献