Natural experiments in landscape evolution     

Gregory E. Tucker 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2009,34(10):1450-1460

A natural experiment in landscape evolution is a case study of landform development in which only one element varies significantly, and for which the driving forces, initial conditions, and/or boundary conditions are well constrained. Natural experiments provide a means of testing landscape evolution theory on the large space and time scales to which that theory applies. Natural experiments can involve either steady or transient conditions. Cases with steady conditions allow one to test predictions about the relationships among topography, erosion rates, and various attributes related to climate and material properties. Transient cases are valuable for distinguishing between models whose predictions might be similar, and therefore indistinguishable, under steady conditions. Essential ingredients of a natural experiment include minimal variation in all but one factor, good constraints on timing and/or rates, well‐characterized processes, and high quality topographic data. Other useful ingredients include information about intermediate topographic states (such as a former valley profile revealed by strath terraces), and knowledge of the time history of erosion rates. In order to deepen our understanding of the physics and chemistry of long‐term landscape evolution, there is a pressing need to identify natural experiments and develop the necessary databases to take advantage of them. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

南京河西地区岩土体剪切波速与土层深度的关系   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

陶小三  杨伟林  高志兵  洪海春 《地震学刊》2009,(3):320-324

南京河西地区是南京市重点开发的新市区,该区域工程地质条件相似,主要为长江高河漫滩地质地貌单元。本文选取该地区47个典型钻孔的岩土体剪切波速资料,采用三种数学模型进行统计回归分析,运用相关系数R（或测定系数R^2）检验Vs-H之间的线性相关关系,并根据计算的SD值选择较优的数学模型。统计结果表明,该地区各类岩土体的Vs-H线性相关关系显著,说明采用上述数学模型进行Vs-H回归是可行的。对两个工程场地进行剪切波速预测,并对场地类别作出划分,检验结果表明,该地区各类岩土体的Vs-H经验关系是可靠的,符合当地岩土特征,在样本深度范围内有足够的工程应用精度,可以应用。  相似文献   

Formation and erosion of sediment cover in an experimental bedrock‐alluvial channel          下载免费PDF全文

Rebecca Hodge  Trevor Hoey  Georgios Maniatis  Emilie Leprêtre 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(10):1409-1420

Sediment grains in a bedrock‐alluvial river will be deposited within or adjacent to a sediment patch, or as isolated grains on the bedrock surface. Previous analysis of grain geometry has demonstrated that these arrangements produce significant differences in grain entrainment shear stress. However, this analysis neglected potential interactions between the sediment patches, local hydraulics and grain entrainment. We present a series of flume experiments that measure the influence of sediment patches on grain entrainment. The flume had a planar bed with roughness that was much smaller than the diameters of the mobile grains. In each experiment sediment was added either as individual grains or as a single sediment pulse. Flow was then increased until the sediment was entrained. Analysis of the experiments demonstrates that: (1) for individual grains, coarse grains are entrained at a higher discharge than fine grains; (2) once sediment patches are present, the different in entrainment discharge between coarse and fine grains is greatly reduced; (3) the sheltering effect of patches also increases the entrainment discharge of isolated grains; (4) entire sediment patches break‐up and are eroded quickly, rather than through progressive grain‐by‐grain erosion; (5) as discharge increases there is some tendency for patches to become more elongate and flow‐aligned, and more randomly distributed across the bed. One implication of this research is that the critical shear stress in bedrock‐alluvial channels will be a function of the extent of the sediment cover. Another is that the influence of sediment patches equalizes critical shear stresses between different grain sizes and grain locations, meaning that these factors may not need to be accounted for. Further research is needed to quantify interactions between sediment patches, grain entrainment and local hydraulics on rougher bedrock surfaces, and under different types of sediment supply. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

江苏赣榆浅覆盖区大比例尺土壤地球化学找矿方法     

孙清钟  胡森林  季明明 《江苏地质》2019,43(2):229-236

在赣榆浅覆盖区采用槽型钻采取强风化基岩,开展1∶1万土壤地球化学找矿工作,共圈定10处综合异常,选择Z-3综合异常开展槽探查证,新揭露5条钼铜钨矿体。异常查证结果显示,采用槽型钻采取强风化基岩的土壤地球化学找矿方法具有良好的找矿效果。结合普查区成矿地质条件和土壤地球化学异常特征,初步总结了普查区钼、多金属矿找矿标志,认为找矿指示元素为Au、Cu、Mo等,元素组合、各元素空间套合关系及含量等特征可作为地质找矿标志。研究成果可作为研究区进一步找矿工作的参考。  相似文献   

浅覆盖区1:5万基岩地质填图实践探索——以准噶尔北缘克什克涅绍喀尔(L45E009020)图幅为例     

邓震  孟贵祥  汤贺军  严加永  祁光  薛融晖 《地球学报》2019,40(5):651-660

如何有效“剥离”覆盖层, 获取浅覆盖区下伏基岩地质矿产信息, 是今后成矿带覆盖区地质调查工作的重要内容之一。文章总结了在准噶尔北缘克什克涅绍喀尔(L45E009020)图幅开展1:5万浅覆盖区基岩地质填图的实践探索中, 采用以地球物理方法(重、磁、电、电磁)为先导, 融合地质、地球化学、浅钻为一体的综合地质矿产信息探测方法技术, 通过综合预测和浅钻验证, 进而获取了图幅基岩地质图。实践中, 成功预测并发现了覆盖层之下的隐伏蛇绿混杂岩带, 可为进一步矿产调查提供重要依据。  相似文献   

隆平1井钻井设计与施工          下载免费PDF全文

孙莉 《探矿工程》2019,46(6):36-40

隆平1井是大庆油田首口在沉积盆地基底层施工的水平井,设计斜深4532.72 m（垂深3111.50 m）,勘探钻井目的是为了探索通过水平井大幅度提高古中央隆起带基岩风化壳储层天然气产能。针对该井在钻井过程中可能遇到的难点与风险,进行了井身结构优化设计、井眼轨道优化设计、钻井参数优化、钻头优选及配套提速试验等。实钻情况表明,该井全井平均机械钻速5.15 m/h,相比设计钻速提高45.89%,现场施工提速效果明显,为探索该区域基底构造提供了宝贵的经验。  相似文献   

不同类型滑坡体的高密度电阻率法勘察电性特征     

李富  周洪福  葛华 《物探与化探》2019,(1):215-221

中国西南地区滑坡灾害严重,滑坡勘察中判断滑坡体类型、规模等非常重要。文中总结了滑坡体的不同分类方法及电性特征,通过对20多个滑坡体的高密度电阻率法勘察资料进行综合分析,明确了不同类型滑坡体的电阻率特征差异明显;重点介绍了土质滑坡、岩石滑坡和破碎岩石滑坡等3个高密度电法探测实例的异常特征。实践证明,利用高密度电阻率法能从电阻率异常特征来推断滑坡体的类型、物质组成,其结果对滑坡体勘察及后期治理、钻探施工起到指导作用。  相似文献   

Holocene flood histories in south‐western USA     

Tessa Harden  Mark G. Macklin  Victor R. Baker 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2010,35(6):707-716

River basins in south‐western USA are some of the most extensively studied arid land fluvial systems in the world. Since the early 1960s their hydro‐climatic histories have been reconstructed from the analysis of alluvial cut‐and‐fill cycles, while from the late 1970s there have been investigations of slackwater deposits and palaeostage indicators for large floods in stable‐boundary bedrock reaches. However, no studies have regionally integrated Holocene fluvial histories from these two different types of fluvial environments. The current study combines the alluvial archive with flood records from bedrock reaches to generate a probability‐based 12,000 year record of flooding in south‐western USA. Using more than 700 ¹⁴C‐dated fluvial units, the analysis produces a high resolution (centennial) flood record. Seven episodes of increased flooding occurred at 11,250–10,400, 8800–8350, 8230–7600, 6700–5700, 5600–4820, 4550–3320 and 2000–0 cal. BP. Bedrock reaches are found to record more frequent floods during the middle to late Holocene, while in alluvial rivers more flood units are dated to the early and middle Holocene. These differences are primarily the result of selective preservation with alluvial reaches tending to erode during periods characterised by very large floods. Episodes of major Holocene flooding recorded in slackwater deposits within bedrock systems correspond with periods of increased precipitation in the region and lower temperatures. In contrast, within alluvial rivers above‐average flooding probabilities, as well as regionally extensive channel entrenchment episodes, match with reduced annual precipitation and lower temperatures. The results of this study clearly demonstrate the value of the Holocene fluvial archive for reconstructing regional, short‐term hydro‐climatic change in south‐western USA. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

坝体岩基-橡胶粉改性混凝土现场抗剪（断）试验研究     

王可良  刘玲  隋同波  徐运海  胡廷正 《岩土力学》2011,32(3):753-756

坝体岩基与混凝土间的抗剪（断）参数关系着大坝的设计和运行安全。利用橡胶粉能够增大混凝土内部各质点的摩擦和能量耗散的特性,结合淌水崖水库,通过现场试验,比较了普通混凝土和橡胶改性混凝土与岩基的抗剪（断）性能。结果表明：橡胶改性混凝土与岩基的抗剪断和抗剪性能均优于普通混凝土。橡胶改性混凝土与岩基的抗剪断摩擦系数为1.344,普通混凝土与基岩的抗剪断摩擦系数为0.790,抗剪断摩擦系数提高了70.1%;橡胶混凝土与岩基的凝聚力与普通混凝土基本相当。就抗剪参数而言,橡胶改性混凝土与岩基的抗剪摩擦系数为1.108,普通混凝土与基岩的抗剪摩擦系数为0.683,抗剪摩擦系数提高了62.2%;橡胶混凝土与基岩的凝聚力几乎是普通混凝土的两倍,橡胶混凝土与岩基的凝聚力为0.138 MPa,而普通混凝土的凝聚力则为0.061 MPa。分析探讨了橡胶粉能够改善混凝土与坝体岩基抗剪和抗剪断性能的机制,为提高坝体岩基-混凝土的抗剪（断）参数提供了一种有效的技术措施。  相似文献   

不同裸岩率下我国西南喀斯特山区土壤侵蚀的室内模拟   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  

王济  蔡雄飞  雷丽  张浩 《中国岩溶》2010,29(1):1-5

以我国西南喀斯特地区作为研究区域,通过资料查询、野外考察,设计加工满足西南喀斯特地区雨强范围的针管式人工降雨装置,针对不同坡度条件下不同裸岩率坡面土壤侵蚀进行12场室内模拟试验。结果显示:（1）径流率在180～300 s之后保持稳定,坡面径流率随着坡度的增大变化较小。（2）输沙率的变化可分为五个阶段:迅速增大、减小、增大、缓慢减小和趋于稳定;同一坡度或不同坡度条件下坡面输沙率均随裸岩率的增大而减小,这种变化量随着坡度的增大而减小,其减小量在40.2%到1%之间。（3）同一坡度或不同坡度的不同裸岩率坡面总侵蚀量均随裸岩率的增大而减小,其变化量随坡度的增大而减弱。   相似文献