Estimation of actual evaporation using precipitation and soil moisture records in arid climates     

A. U. Sorman  M. J. Abdulrazzak 《水文研究》1995,9(7):729-741

There is little knowledge available about infiltration and evaporation processes in wadi channels in arid regions. This work was conducted to determine the actual evaporation from bare soils in wadi channels in the south-western region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The estimation of soil evaporation is highly dependent on the availability of moisture in the upper layers of alluvial wadis, in which the areal rainfall, flood hydrograph and soil properties play a significant part. The study was conducted by estimating the actual evaporation using soil moisture data, precipitation and runoff depths in a representative basin. The results are compared with potential rates. The actual rates were 1.5 mm/day immediately after a rainy day and then decreased to 0.42 mm/day. The minimum rate was about 0.1–0.2 mm/day during the dry season. The potential rates were about 9.5 mm/day in June and July, decreasing to 3.5 mm/day in December and January.  相似文献   

The extent of desertification on Saudi Arabia   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Ammar?A.?AminEmail author 《Environmental Geology》2004,46(1):22-31

Desertification is the process that turns productive deserts into non-productive deserts as a result of poor land-management. Desertification reduces the ability of land to support life, affecting wild species, domestic animals, agricultural crops and humans. The reduction in plant cover that accompanies desertification leads to accelerated soil erosion by wind and water. South Africa is losing approximately 300–400 million tons of topsoil every year. As vegetation cover and soil layer are reduced, rain fall impact and run-off increases. This paper discusses the extent of desertification, its potential threat to sustained irrigated agriculture and possible measures adopted to control ongoing desertification processes to minimize the loss of agricultural productivity in an arid country such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.  相似文献   

基于地闪数据的雷电流幅值累积频率公式探讨   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

冯志伟  肖稳安  马金福  虞进 《气象科技》2012,40(1):137-140

利用2007年和2008年浙江省气象部门闪电定位系统的地闪监测数据,应用Matlab数学软件中的曲线拟合工具箱,以最小二乘法原理对IEEE推荐公式和我国规程推荐公式进行最优化拟合,得出前者拟合效果优于后者的结论。通过分析IEEE推荐公式计算结果与实际值之间的相对误差,发现正闪雷电流幅值累积频率在(1kA,270kA)范围内相对误差绝对值较小,最大不超过10%;而负闪雷电流幅值累积频率在(-1kA,-300kA)范围内相对误差绝对值较大,最大值约为38%。针对上述情况,利用数学软件拟合出负闪(-1kA,-300kA)相对误差曲线的近似函数,修正了原累积频率公式,大幅度减小了其相对误差。其适用范围也从原来的(2kA,200kA)放宽至正闪(1kA,270kA)、负闪(-1kA,-300kA)。  相似文献   

西太平洋副热带高压对华北地区降水蒸发差的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

孙卫国  程炳岩  郭渠 《高原气象》2009,28(5):1167-1174

采用小波相关和交叉小波变换等方法, 分析了西太平洋副热带高压脊线和北界位置变化对华北地区降水蒸发差的影响。结果表明, 2000年以来华北区南部的水资源短缺问题有所缓解, 但以北京为中心的华北区东北部仍处于持续缺水期; 华北地区降水蒸发差与副热带高压脊线及北界位置变化相关密切, 存在年际和年代际尺度的显著相关振荡, 与副热带高压脊线的年代际尺度相关凝聚性最强; 时域中年际尺度相关存在局部化特征, 年代际尺度相关具有阶段性。分析认为, 2000年以来副热带高压脊线和北界位置偏北并维持反气旋型环流, 有利于水汽向华北输送, 使得华北降水增多, 是近年来华北中南部降水蒸发差增大的主要原因; 而东亚季风减弱不利于西南气流的水汽输送, 以及蒙古高原显著增暖导致蒸发增大等因素, 使得华北东北部仍处于持续缺水期。  相似文献   

基于灰色关联分析与RBF神经网络的水面蒸发量预测   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

魏光辉  马亮 《干旱气象》2009,27(1)

利用灰色关联度法分析了影响水面蒸发量的主要气象因素,并通过RBF神经网络建立了水面蒸发量的经验预测模型.计算结果表明,所建立的模型简单易行,精度较高,可以应用于生产实践中.  相似文献   

湖北地区云地闪电时空分布特征分析   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

王学良  刘学春  黄小彦  史雅静 《气象》2010,36(10):91-96

为揭示湖北地区云地闪电时空分布特征及雷电活动规律,以满足雷电灾害防护和雷击风险评估工作需要,采用湖北不同地理位置的13个雷击探测仪组成的闪电监测定位系统获取的2006年3月至2009年2月的云地闪电资料,从闪电的极性分布、日变化、月变化、强度、闪电密度、累计概率分布等方面进行统计分析。结果表明:云地闪电中负闪电占闪电总数的96.2%;正闪电占闪电总数的3.8%;闪电频次的日变化呈明显的单峰单谷型,一日中,最大值出现在15—16时,最小值在09—10时;一年中,4—8月闪电次数占全年闪电总数的95.9%,其中7—8月闪电次数最多;正、负闪电的强度主要集中在10～50 kA,大于30 kA的累积概率在50%以下,大于60 kA的累积概率8.1%,大于100 kA的累积概率1.6%;拟合出湖北地区大于某雷电流强度累积概率方程,经统计分析,实测值与计算值相关系数达0.99998。闪电密度分布呈明显的地域性差异,鄂东南的嘉鱼县、咸宁、黄石、鄂州市一带为闪电高密度区,鄂西的远安县、当阳市附近为闪电次高密度区。山区与丘陵、平原交接地带,即地表状况发生明显变化的地带,是雷电多发地带。鄂西南山区县市雷电日数较多,闪电密度不一定随之增加,其原因可能是山区县市土壤电阻率较大和山区局地小气候环境共同影响的结果。  相似文献   

华南秋季蒸发量的时空演变特征   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

肖伟军  简茂球  叶爱芬  纪忠萍  吴乃庚 《热带气象学报》2008,24(4):385-390

利用华南区域66个气象站点1960～2004年的观测数据分析了华南秋季蒸发皿蒸发量和实际蒸发量的时空变化.分析结果表明:华南中部和西北部是华南秋季蒸发皿蒸发量的两个主要气候变异中心区,华南中部秋季蒸发皿蒸发量具有以年代际变化为主的特征,并且在45年内总体上呈下降趋势.在影响蒸发皿蒸发量的因子中,太阳辐射与蒸发皿蒸发量的相关性最好,呈显著的正相关.对实际蒸发量而言,华南中部和西部偏西地区则是两个主要的变异中心,两区域的秋季实际蒸发量具有以年际变化为主的特征,降水对华南秋季实际蒸发量的影响最为显著,华南秋季实际蒸发量一般都在蒸发皿蒸发量的40%左右,并且比值总体上呈现微弱的由南向北递增趋势.  相似文献   

强降水时蒸发常见错情及措施     

李凤云  杨建红  陈成国 《气象科技》2012,40(6):1075-1077

对山东省2009年7-8月报表错情统计,发现强降水时蒸发错情达18.6条,其原因是观测员对《地面气象观测规范》理解不够准确,审核员过于武断,对规范理解过于僵化,将观测员处理正确的记录统计为错情.对德州2000-2010年及平原2008-2010年强降水时对蒸发所采取的措施比较得出:液态降水采用增加溢流桶法效果最好,但它不适用固态降水;加盖法简单易行,适用于液态和固态降水,但只适用于守班期间.因此针对不同降水性质,应采取不同措施,确保蒸发记录的准确性.  相似文献   

Sediment cascades and the entangled relationship between human impact and natural dynamics at the pre-pottery Neolithic site of Göbekli Tepe,Anatolia     

Moritz Nykamp  Fabian Becker  Ricarda Braun  Nadja Pöllath  Daniel Knitter  Joris Peters  Brigitta Schütt 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(2):430-442

This study presents a meta-analysis of radiocarbon ages for the environs of Göbekli Tepe – one of the oldest monumental structures worldwide – using cumulative probability functions to diachronically assess phases of geomorphodynamic activity as controlled by natural or anthropogenic drivers. We employ sediment cascades as a heuristic framework to study the complex responses of the geomorphological system to various triggers at local to supra-regional scales. Possible triggers include climatic variability as documented by supra-regional hydroclimatic proxy data, regional demographic trends, and local to regional socioeconomic developments such as the emergence of sedentism or the introduction and dispersal of livestock herding. Our results show that phases of intensified geomorphodynamic activity occurred between ca. 7.4–7.0 and 5.8–3.3 ka BP. These phases roughly coincide with phases of population growth in southern Turkey and climatic variations in Turkey and the Levant. The phase between ca. 5.8–3.3 ka BP also corresponds to the time when organized agriculture and the seeder plough were introduced. Also, the identified phases are in agreement with the general trend of varying geomorphodynamic activity in the Eastern Mediterranean as driven by human impact and climatic change. However, neither the Younger Dryas–Holocene transition nor the development of herding during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic left a clear signature. We demonstrate how the different depositional environments in the studied landscape compartments vary with respect to their spatiotemporal coverage and discuss challenges when trying to understand processes that once shaped landscapes of past societies. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd  相似文献   

改进的标准化累积绝对速度及其在高速铁路地震报警应用中阈值的确定     

崔恩文  郭恩栋  王倩  孙逊 《震灾防御技术》2021,16(3):527-532

为降低无破坏性的近震小震对高速铁路地震报警的干扰,本文引入改进的标准化累积绝对速度作为报警参数,研究基于改进的标准化累积绝对速度地震报警阈值计算方法。通过建立车轨模型,分析不同周期横向简谐波作用下的列车安全运行极限状态,得出不同车速下改进的标准化累积绝对速度的起算阈值。参照标准化累积绝对速度CAV_STD计算公式,给出不同车速下改进的标准化累积绝对速度计算公式,并计算不同时速下列车分别在6条不同场地地震波作用下改进的标准化累积绝对速度报警阈值。  相似文献