软土动力特性动三轴试验研究   总被引：9，自引：4，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

田兆阳  李平  郑志华  肖瑞杰 《地震工程学报》2017,39(1):95-99,118

许多学者对软土在动力作用下的变形特性进行了大量的研究,并提出了相应的经验公式,但其经验公式参数较多且试验复杂,不易被一般工程技术人员掌握运用。本文采用天津滨海地区软土为研究对象,进行钻探取样、波速测试、室内静力学和动三轴试验,获取该地区软土的静、动力学参数,并利用相对简单的模型对残余应变和软化指数随振次的变化规律采用最小二乘法进行拟合,取得很好的效果。成果表明,利用简单的模型对软土的动力特性进行区域性研究是可行的。该成果可为今后软土动力特性和软土震陷计算方法研究提供参考和基础性资料。  相似文献   

Degradation of Atenolol with Electrochemical Oxidation at Mixed Metal Oxide Electrodes Assisted by UV Photolysis          下载免费PDF全文

Shumin Zhu  Bingzhi Dong  Shiqing Zhou 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2018,46(4)

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长江黄河源区高寒草甸退化研究进展     

徐丽华  李梅  谢德体 《测绘与空间地理信息》2010,33(1):3-7

长江黄河源区内高寒草甸退化是当前研究的热点问题之一。但多数研究中涉及的源区范围、高寒草甸的分类、高寒草甸的退化原因及恢复治理措施等方面,各学者的看法并不相同,难以实现各项研究结果的比较研究。从源区范围、高寒草甸的分类、高寒草甸的退化原因及恢复治理措施等方面阐述了各学者研究的差异,指出:长江黄河源区高寒草甸的进一步深入研究有必要对源区的范围进行界定;高寒草甸的分类常常因研究目的不同而有所差异,以退化程度进行的分类能够反映高寒草甸的动态变化过程,但需要定量指标对退化的不同程度进行界定;遥感影像解译的结果由于遥感影像本身的不确定性和主观因素的影响而难以统一;退化的原因目前主要集中于自然因素和人为因素两方面的研究,针对这些因素采取的控制措施在局部区域取得了一定效果,但并没有抑制高寒草甸在总体上的进一步退化,寻找一种综合的有效的治理措施还是今后的研究目标。  相似文献   

Determination of land degradation causes in Tongyu County,Northeast China via land cover change detection     

Jay Gao  Yansui Liu 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2010

Tongyu County in Northeast China is highly prone to land degradation due to its fragile physical settings characterized by a flat topography, a semi-arid climate, and a shallow groundwater table. This study aims to determine the causes of land degradation through detecting the long-term trend of land cover changes. Degraded lands were mapped from satellite images recorded in 1992 and 2002. These land cover maps revealed that the area subject to land degradation in the form of soil salinization, waterlogging and desertification increased from 2400 to 4214 km², in sharp contrast to most severely degraded land that decreased by 122.5 km². Newly degraded land stems from productive farmland (263 km²), harvested farmland (551 km²), and grassland (468 km²). Therefore, the worsened degradation situation is attributed to excessive reclamation of grassland for farming, over cultivation, overgrazing, and deforestation. Mechanical, biological, ecological and engineering means should be adopted to rehabilitate the degraded land.  相似文献   

A small-scale field check on the Fisher–Lehmann and Bakker–Le Heux cliff degradation models     

J. N. Hutchinson 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1998,23(10):913-926

The paper considers the development of initially straight, steep rock cliffs, bounded above and below by horizontal surfaces, in which basal debris removal is zero and degradation occurs by the weathering away of fine debris from the cliff face to form a scree at its foot. Of the slope degradation models available, the two earliest and simplest, namely the Fisher–Lehmann and the Bakker–Le Heux models, are regarded as most relevant and are briefly summarized. The main purpose of the paper is to check the predictions of these models, particularly with regard to the shape of the rock surface buried beneath the scree, against field data. Such data are sparse. It is concluded that the best field case currently available, despite its small scale, is that provided by the 1·75 m deep ditch which forms part of the experimental earthwork in the chalk on Overton Down, Wiltshire. The predictions of the two models are checked against field measurements made of the stage of degradation reached on each face of the ditch by July 1968, eight years after its excavation. These stages were influenced to different degrees by the presence of a surface turf layer. For the NE face, where this influence was least, the agreement of the predictions of the Fisher–Lehmann model with the actual rock profile is excellent and that of the Bakker–Le Heux model only marginally less so. For the SW face, as expected, the agreements are somewhat less close. These results may be to some extent fortuitous because of the influence of the turves and because the scree slopes tend to be concave rather than rectilinear, as assumed. Also, the free faces decline with time in a manner intermediate between those assumed in the two models. Larger scale field checks are clearly desirable before firm general conclusions can be drawn. Rates of crest recession for the Overton Down ditch are logarithmic with time after a very rapid initial phase. Extrapolation from the early phase of this logarithmic behaviour leads to a close estimate of the time needed for the slope to develop fully. The associated ultimate crest recession is also closely predicted by equations derived from both models. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Soil erosion rates assessed by RUSLE and PESERA for a Chinese Loess Plateau catchment under land-cover changes     

Pengfei Li  Yuzhe Zang  Doudou Ma  Wanqiang Yao  Joseph Holden  Brian Irvine  Guangju Zhao 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(3):707-722

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Relative quantification of wind erosion in argan woodlands in the Souss Basin,Morocco     

Miriam Marzen  Mario Kirchhoff  Irene Marzolff  Ali Aït Hssaine  Johannes B. Ries 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(15):3808-3823

The endemic argan woodlands cover large parts of South Morocco and create a characteristic landscape with areas of sparsely vegetated and bare soil surfaces between single trees. This unique ecosystem has been under extensive agrosilvopastoral management for centuries and is now at risk of degradation caused by overgrazing and increasing scarcity and variability of rainfall. To investigate susceptibility to wind erosion, we conducted an experimental–empirical study including wind tunnel tests and a drone-generated digital elevation model and quantified wind-erodible material on five different associated surface types by means of sediment catchers. The highest emission flux was measured on freshly ploughed surfaces (1875 g m^–2 h^–1), while older ploughed areas with a re-established crust produced a much lower emission flux (795 g m^–2 h^–1). Extensive tillage may have been a sustainable practice for generations, but increasing drought and uncertainty of rainfall now lead to an acute risk of severe soil erosion and dust production. The typical crusted surfaces characterized by residual rock fragment accumulation and wash processes produced the second highest emission flux (1,354 g m^–2 h^–1). Material collected from tree-shaded areas (933 g m^–2 h^–1) was revealed to be a considerable source of organic material, possibly affecting substrate conditions positively on a larger regional scale. The lowest flux was measured on rock fragment-covered surfaces (301 g m^–2 h^–1). The data show that open argan woodland may be a considerable source for wind erosion and dust production, depending on surface characteristics strongly related to management. An adapted management must include the conservation of argan trees to offer a promising approach to prevent severe wind erosion and dust production and mitigate possible impacts of land-use change and climate change related shifts in wind and rainfall patterns. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd  相似文献   

近百年来湖泊有机碳与无机碳埋藏响应流域开发的协同变化——以石林喀斯特地区为例     

王露  陈光杰  黄林培  孔令阳  李蕊  韩桥花  李平  索旗  周起 《湖泊科学》2022,34(5):1751-1764

有机碳和无机碳的流域输出是湖泊碳埋藏的重要驱动因子, 而喀斯特地区无机碳循环具有反应迅速且对人类活动影响敏感的特点. 在流域开发持续增强的背景下, 喀斯特地区湖泊有机碳和无机碳的来源、含量与埋藏通量可能会出现同步变化的协同模式. 本文以云南省石林喀斯特地区流域土地利用类型不同的两个中型湖泊(长湖、月湖)开展对比分析, 通过对沉积物钻孔的土壤侵蚀强度(磁化率)、流域外源输入(C∶N比值)、水动力(粒度)、营养盐(总氮、总磷)、藻类生产力(叶绿素色素)等代用指标的分析, 结合监测数据和历史资料重建了两个湖泊环境变化的近百年历史, 并定量识别了有机碳和无机碳埋藏响应流域开发的变化特征与协同模式. 沉积物磁化率和C∶N比值结果揭示了流域地表侵蚀和外源输入的阶段性特征, 同时总氮和总磷含量记录了长湖和月湖营养水平上升的长期模式. 在流域森林覆被较高(33.43%)的长湖中, 全岩和有机质C∶N比值分别与磁化率信号呈显著正相关(r=0.95和0.89, P＜0.001), 且与无机碳和有机碳含量呈显著负相关(r=-0.94, P＜0.001和r=-0.52, P=0.01), 反映了森林植被退化时流域碳输出的减少对沉积物碳含量的影响. 而在流域耕地覆被为主(60.98%)的月湖中, 全岩和有机质C∶N比值与磁化率信号呈显著负相关(r=-0.54, P＜0.01和r=-0.67, P＜0.001), 且全岩C∶N比值与无机碳含量(P=0.15)无显著关系, 反映了耕作强度的增加可能促进了水体富营养化和内源输入的增强. 在两个湖泊中, 营养水平的上升和内源生产力的增加促进了有机碳含量的快速增加. 进一步分析表明, 近百年来长湖有机碳与无机碳含量变化的同步性明显(r=0.54, P＜0.001)而在月湖中无显著关系(P=0.20, P>0.05). 两个湖泊中沉积通量的变化均与全岩C∶N比值呈显著正相关(r=0.48和0.45, P≤0.001), 且有机碳与无机碳埋藏通量均呈现同步变化的显著特征(r=0.72和0.85, P＜0.001). 其中长湖的无机碳埋藏通量显著高于有机碳埋藏通量, 而月湖的有机碳埋藏通量略高于无机碳埋藏通量, 反映了岩溶地区流域外源输入和水体富营养化的差异性驱动影响. 在流域开发增强的梯度下, 森林退化会降低流域碳输出的负荷, 而农业扩张和水体富营养化会促进藻类生长和内源有机碳的累积. 因此, 流域土地利用和水体营养水平对湖泊无机碳和有机碳埋藏变化的长期轨迹和协同模式产生了重要影响, 对喀斯特地区的碳库评估需要考虑无机碳循环的重要性.  相似文献   

云南纳帕海岩溶湿地生态环境变化及驱动机制   总被引：27，自引：0，他引：27  

田昆  陆梅  常凤来  莫剑锋  黎良才  杨永兴 《湖泊科学》2004,16(1):36-43

利用原状土就地取样野外定位研究方法,对云南西北高原的纳帕海岩溶湿地生态环境状况进行的2年定位研究表明,纳帕海湿地生态环境破坏严重,表现为湿地面积不断缩小,沼泽类型改变,沼泽旱化、沙化,中旱生植物侵入,沼泽发生逆向生态演替,生物多样性减少,土壤养分衰减退化,土壤酶活性降低,水质变劣.分析了引起纳帕海湿地环境变化的自然因素和人为因素,表明人为活动干扰是引起其湿地生态环境退化的主要原因.  相似文献   

滇池生态系统退化成因、格局特征与分区分步恢复策略   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2  

李根保  李林  潘珉  谢志才  李宗逊  肖邦定  刘贵华  陈静  宋立荣 《湖泊科学》2014,26(4):485-496

选取生态系统中重要的组成成份:浮游植物、底栖动物、水生植物的历史演变和现在分布状况数据,结合水质变化情况,揭示了滇池生态系统退化原因:在外因上,污染物持续输入以及围湖造田、直立堤岸和水量交换缓慢等外力干扰加剧系统组分失衡是直接原因;在内因上,由于滇池所处的地理位置、气候等原因,蓝藻生物量对营养盐增加的响应远高于其他湖泊(太湖、巢湖),草型向藻型湖泊的转换进程更快;与太湖和东湖的生态系统比较,高原湖泊滇池生态系统相对脆弱,如物种的同域分化、窄生态位,导致系统的稳定性差、自我修复能力弱.通过对滇池生态格局特征、湖岸带结构的分析,将滇池划分为5个生态区:草海重污染区、藻类聚集区、沉水植被残存区、近岸带受损区和水生植被受损区,并提出"五区三步,南北并进,重点突破,治理与修复相结合"的滇池生态系统分区分步治理的新策略和"南部优先恢复;北部控藻治污;西部自然保护;东部外围突破"的总体方案.  相似文献