中国东部亚热带丘陵山地土地退化评价指标体系研究^*   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

卢金发 《地理研究》1998,17(4):346-351

中国东部亚热带地区流水侵蚀所引起土地退化的形成,是由其生态环境自身的脆弱性决定的。土地退化不仅表现为土壤退化,还表现为植被退化和土地状况恶化,其发展过程是植被退化-土壤退化-地表状况恶化过程多重循环的结果。据此,提出了中国东部亚热带丘陵山地土地退化评价指标。  相似文献   

黑河下游额济纳绿洲环境退化及综合治理＊   总被引：64，自引：13，他引：51  

龚家栋  董光荣 《中国沙漠》1998,18(1):44-50

黑河下游的额济纳绿洲是内蒙西部阿拉善高原的主要天然绿洲。近半个世纪特别是近１０年来,由于不合理人类活动和自然因素的双重作用,黑河下泄水量不断减少,生态环境恶化,严重影响到本地区乃至周围广大地区的持续发展。通过分析生态环境恶化的现状和原因,提出了生态环境的治理必须以水为中心,加快中游地区节水农业的发展步伐,保证下游一定量的供水,并严格控制不合理的人为活动,力争在１０～１５年内实现生态环境的良性循环。  相似文献   

ENVIRONMENTAL MIGRATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT——A Case Study of Southwest China     

王克林 《中国地理科学(英文版)》1998,(3)

Ｉ．ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＩｔｉｓｇｅｎｅｒａｌｙａｃｃｅｐｔｅｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｄｅｇｒａｄａｔｉｏｎｏｆｒｅｎｅｗａｂｌｅｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓａｎｄｆｒａｇｉｌｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｓｉｎｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｉｎｇｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓｉｓｂｅｃｏｍｉｎ...  相似文献   

Pumping decisions for sustainable development of groundwater resources in areas of grassland degradation: a case study in Lanqi Banner, Inner Mongolia, China     

Bagen Chaolun  Bin He  Ruizhong Gao  Liang Wang 《Hydrogeology Journal》2008,16(6):1101-1111

The best planting alternatives for satisfying high water use demands of forage and fodder crops in a region of Inner Mongolia, China, were determined by a multiobjective distributed-parameter groundwater management model. These alternatives took account of different cropping patterns and pumping decisions associated with both temporal and spatial aspects of water allocation. The model was developed for phreatic, homogenous, and isotropic aquifers using the response matrix technique of quadratic programming theory and, in this case, using the alternative direction implicit (ADI) scheme. Model solutions using effective rainfall with a probability of 50%, show that average water table drawdown in the planning period (2006–2017) is 0.22 m and the groundwater fluctuation in each pumping well is very low. In order to evaluate the pumping decisions under an effective rainfall with a probability of 75%, a sensitive analysis was also conducted. Analysis shows that it is useful to apply the results from the proposed model to control the landscape degradation due to overgrazing and overpumping activities.  相似文献   

The conservation patterns of grassland ecosystem in response to the forage-livestock balance in North China     

HUANG Lin  NING Jia  ZHU Ping  ZHENG Yuhan  ZHAI Jun 《地理学报(英文版)》2021,31(4):518-534

Being a key ecological security barrier and production base for grassland animal husbandry in China,the balance between grassland forage supply and livestock-carrying pressure in North China directly affects grassland degradation and restoration,thereby impacting grassland ecosystem services.This paper analyzes the spatiotemporal variation in grassland vegetation coverage,forage supply,and the balance between grassland forage supply and livestock-carrying pressure from 2000 to 2015 in North China.We then discuss the spatial pattern of grassland ecological conservation under the impacts of grassland degradation and restoration,and livestock-carrying pressure.Over the last 16 years,the total grassland area in North China decreased by about 16,000 km2,with vegetation coverage degraded by 6.7％ of the grasslands but significantly restored by another 5.4％ of grasslands.The provisioning of forage by natural grassland mainly increased over time,with an annual growth rate of approximately 0.3 kg/ha,but livestock-carrying pressure also increased continuously.The livestock-carrying pressure index without any supplementary feeding reached as high as 3.8.Apart from the potential livestock-carrying capacity in northeastern Inner Mongolia and the central Tibetan Plateau,most regions in North China are currently overloaded.Considering the actual supplementary feeding during the cold season,the livestock-carrying pressure index is about 3.1,with the livestock-carrying pressure mitigated in central and eastern Inner Mongolia.Assuming full supplementary feeding in the cold season,livestock-carrying pressure index will fall to 1.9,with the livestock-carrying pressure alleviated significantly in Inner Mongolia and on the Tibetan Plateau.Finally,we propose different conservation and development strategies to balance grassland ecological conservation and animal husbandry production in different regions of protected areas,pastoral areas,farming-pastoral ecotone,and farming areas,according to the grassland ecological protection patterns.  相似文献   

新疆气候“湿干转折”的信号和影响探讨   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

姚俊强  毛炜峄  陈静  迪丽努尔·托列吾别克 《地理学报》2021,76(1):57-72

新疆是对全球变化响应最敏感地区之一,分析全球变暖背景下新疆干湿气候变化及其影响,对应对和适应未来气候变化带来的影响具有重要意义。基于气象水文观测资料,对新疆区域干湿气候变化及其影响评估进行了探讨。结果表明：① 20世纪80年代中后期以来新疆气温升高,降水量增加,呈“暖湿化”特征;但1997年之后,干旱变化趋势、干旱频率、干旱发生月份等均有明显增加,导致70%以上的区域变干,新疆气候出现了从“暖湿化”向“暖干化”转折的强烈信号,即发生了“湿干转折”;② 新疆气候转折对区域生态和水资源造成明显的影响,归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI）经历了先增后减的变化过程,1982—1997年植被趋于“变绿”,但1997年之后植被长势迟滞,土壤水分明显下降,生态逆转,生态负效应凸显;③ 新疆河流径流变化出现明显的区域差异,对干湿气候转折响应复杂,受冰雪融水对径流补给比例的影响,发源于天山的河流径流对区域干湿变化有正响应,但发源于昆仑山的河流径流响应不明显。研究结果表明气候“湿干转折”和极端气候事件加剧背景下新疆干旱化急剧增加,水循环系统和生态系统不稳定性加剧,相关成果可为区域干旱灾害防灾减灾和风险管理提供有价值的决策参考。  相似文献   

祁连山疏勒河源区冻土退化对土壤微生物生物量碳氮的影响   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

吴明辉  瞿德业  李婷  刘放  高雅月  陈生云  陈拓 《地理科学》2021,41(1):177-186

对青藏高原东北缘祁连山西段疏勒河源区多年冻土区0~50 cm土壤微生物生物量碳氮分布特征及其影响因素进行分析。结果表明:稳定型和极不稳定型多年冻土区0~50 cm土壤中微生物量碳含量范围分别为0.015~0.620 g/kg和0.019~0.411 g/kg,微生物量氮含量范围分别为0.644~12.770 mg/kg和0.207~3.725 mg/kg;土壤微生物量总体呈现出稳定型显著高于极不稳定型多年冻土,表明多年冻土退化（多年冻土由稳定型退化为极不稳定型）对土壤微生物量积累有明显抑制作用。土壤微生物生物量碳占有机碳、微生物生物量氮占全氮的比值在稳定型多年冻土中显著高于极不稳定型,表明多年冻土退化对土壤微生物的矿化能力有明显抑制作用。土壤微生物量及其与土壤养分的比值有显著的剖面变化特征,随土壤深度增加而减小。土壤微生物量碳氮均与土壤温度显著负相关,与地下生物量显著正相关。稳定型多年冻土中,土壤微生物量碳氮与碳氮比正相关、与氧化还原电位负相关;不稳定型多年冻土中,土壤微生物量碳氮与pH正相关。土壤微生物量碳氮与土壤温度和pH在剖面变化上显著相关。逐步回归分析表明驱动微生物生物量碳氮在不同多年冻土类型和土层之间变化的因子是不同的。  相似文献   

A transdisciplinary analysis of water problems in the mountainous karst areas of Morocco     

C. de Jong  S. Cappy  M. Finckh  D. Funk 《Engineering Geology》2008,99(3-4):228

Water management and engineering in the karstic High Atlas of Morocco are difficult tasks under the prevailing geological, hydrogeological, geomorphological, vegetational and climatic conditions. It is important to be able to understand and predict the characteristics and availability of water for future water planning in the region under changing climatic and agricultural conditions. An interdisciplinary analysis of problems and adequate hydrological modelling tools developed by geologists, hydrologists and biologists are necessary. The karst areas of the High Atlas Mountains are characterised by impermeable triassic basalt underlying substantial subsurface reservoirs with high potential discharge rates. The karst groundwater aquifers are extensive but largely unknown in dimension, probably with a hierarchical network of groundwater flow paths. It is estimated that approximately 70% of the surface water is directly lost to groundwater. Steep landslide- and debris flow prone slopes exist next to coarse-grained, highly porous river beds. Infrequent, high intensity rainfall or snowmelt causes a particularly high flood risk to these karst areas. In addition, agriculture and land use changes have degraded the karst areas. The most important driving forces for degradation include permanent overgrazing even during droughts and the use of firewood by a continually growing population. Large scale degradation of vegetation has occurred in the oro-mediterranean (mountainous Mediterranean) zone, between 2600 and 3400 m which coincides with the most important zone for karstic groundwater creation. The combination of high amounts of groundwater flow and rapid surface flow due to sparse vegetation has increased the problems of flood flow.  相似文献   

Influence of Structural Non-Stationarity of Surface Roughness on Morphological Characterization and Mechanical Deformation of Rock Joints   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

N. Fardin 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2008,41(2):267-297

Summary Structural non-stationarity of surface roughness affects accurate morphological characterization as well as mechanical behaviour of rock joints at the laboratory scale using samples with a size below the stationarity threshold. In this paper, the effect of structural non-stationarity of surface roughness is investigated by studying the scale dependence of surface roughness and mechanical behaviour of rock joints. The results show that the structural non-stationarity mainly affects the accurate characterization of the surface roughness of the fracture samples. It also controls the amount and location of the contact areas during shear tests, which in turn affects the mechanical properties and asperity degradation of the samples. It is concluded that for accurate determination of the morphological and mechanical properties of rock joints at laboratory and field scales, samples with size equal to or larger than the stationarity threshold are required. Author’s address: Nader Fardin, Rock Mechanics Group, Department of Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 11365/4563, Tehran, Iran  相似文献   

红枫湖夏季分层期间pCO₂分布规律的研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

吕迎春  刘丛强  王仕禄  徐刚 《水科学进展》2008,19(1):106-110

在夏季分层期间对红枫湖南、北湖湖心的水样进行分层采集,同时测定了分层水样的温度、pH、HCO₃-浓度、溶解氧(DO)、叶绿素a(Chl-a)及铵根离子(NH₄+)、硝酸根离子(NO₃-)、磷酸根离子(PO₄3-)的浓度,水体中CO₂的分压(pCO₂)由化学平衡及亨利定律求得。研究结果表明:光合作用、有机质降解及水体热分层是影响红枫湖夏季pCO₂分布的主要因素。其中,温水层CO₂欠饱和是光合作用吸收CO₂引起的,温跃层中pCO₂的急剧增加是光合产物降解产生CO₂引起的。静水层沉积物附近pCO₂最高并且还有持续增加的趋势,说明沉积物中有机质降解是静水层中CO₂增加的主要原因,夏季湖底水温较高加快了沉积物中有机质的降解。分层现象使pCO₂在水体中的分布差别明显,并且使静水层中CO₂得到积累。此外,夏季红枫湖水体中pCO₂的变化与NH₄+、PO₄3-的变化密不可分,表现为温水层中光合作用消耗NH₄+、PO₄3-,有机质降解过程伴随NH₄+、PO₄3-的释放。  相似文献