开封南郊垃圾场地下水质量的熵权属性识别评价          下载免费PDF全文

王鼐  董维红  张岩  郝敬辉 《水文地质工程地质》2012,39(2):94-99

针对地下水质量评价中综合评价法的不足,应用信息熵计算评价指标的权重,并充分利用有序分隔概念,建立了基于熵权的属性识别模型。选择TDS、COD、总Fe、总Mn、Cl-、SO42-、NO2-、F-作为评价指标,运用基于熵权的属性识别法对开封南郊垃圾场浅层地下水进行地下水质量评价。评价结果表明,基于熵权的属性识别法所得的评价结果水质明显优于综合评价法所得的结果;研究区内各样本的评价指标中,SO42-和NO2-的权重最大,Cl-、COD、总Fe和F-的权重次之,TDS和总Mn的权重最小;Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类、Ⅳ类和Ⅴ类水在研究区内的分布面积所占比例分别为1.7%、2.5%、26.7%、12.2%和56.9%;浅层地下水质的空间分布在研究区域内具有一定的规律,以靠近垃圾场的L01井和G54井为中心水质最差,为Ⅴ类水,以此为中心向外扩展,水质逐渐好转,依次分布Ⅳ类水和Ⅲ类水。Ⅲ类水的分布向研究区的东部和北部偏移,而在研究区的南部多分布Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类水,水质优良。  相似文献   

Do free-ranging domestic goats show ‘landscapes of fear’? Patch use in response to habitat features and predator cues     

Adrian M. Shrader  Joel S. Brown  Graham I.H. Kerley  Burt P. Kotler 《Journal of Arid Environments》2008,72(10):1811-1819

One factor that influences foraging is predation risk. As a result, herbivores may not use landscapes uniformly due to spatial differences in perceived predation risk. Wild herbivores forage across these ‘landscapes of fear’; however, the extent to which domestic herbivores consider them is generally unknown. Using a grid of artificial food patches and measuring giving up densities (GUDs), we mapped landscapes of fear of free-ranging domestic goats on three substrates. In the first experiment, we related GUDs to landscape variables. Goats preferred feeding in open ground with firm substrate compared to a sandy riverbed or a rocky hillside. We suggest that differences relate to escape potential and the occurrence of ambush sites. Landscape variables that influenced feeding effort were patch visibility and plants next to a patch. In a second experiment, we increased predation risk by adding predator dung and urine into the habitats. In response, feeding effort declined across all three habitats. Furthermore, goats only responded to patch visibility and not plants next to the patches. Better sightlines increase predator detection and allow individuals to see group members. Our results indicate that predation risk influences the extent to which free-ranging domestic herbivores utilise landscapes.  相似文献   

Identification of geologic contrasts from landscape dissection pattern: An application to the Cascade Range, Oregon, USA     

Wei Luo  Tomasz Stepinski 《Geomorphology》2008,99(1-4):90-98

This paper demonstrates the plausibility of inferring the spatial variability of geology from topographically derived landscape dissection patterns. This enables surveying large regions for spatial variability in geology, for which direct remote sensing is not feasible, by studying variability in dissection pattern, a feature extracted straight off from digital elevation model data. Dissection pattern is obtained automatically by a novel algorithm, especially designed to delineate the valleys with high accuracy in order to reflect spatial variability in dissection density. The dissection pattern is encapsulated by a continuous map of drainage density, a raster variable best suited for showing spatial variability of dissection. Such a map, constructed for the study area in the Cascade Range, Oregon, USA, shows a sharp discontinuity in the dissection pattern, indicating change in underlying geology. Possible factors controlling the dissection pattern such as climate, local and regional slopes, vegetation, and geology are examined, and geology has been found to be the dominant controlling factor. The dissection contrast coincides with the boundary between the Western and High Cascades, two geologic provinces with different rock ages and types. The older and less permeable Western Cascades are associated with denser dissection pattern, whereas the younger and more permeable High Cascades correspond to less dissected pattern. This new mapping method can be applied to locations where topography is the only readily available data, and the generated map could be used to extract previously unknown geologic or environmental information.  相似文献   

归一化水汽指数与地表温度的关系   总被引：7，自引：4，他引：3  

钱乐祥  崔海山 《地理研究》2008,27(6):1358-1367

城市热岛的遥感研究,传统上主要利用归一化植被指数作为指标来评估地表温度-植被之间的关系。本研究探讨了以归一化水汽指数作为评估其与地表温度关系的适应性,比较了归一化水汽指数和归一化植被指数在表达城市热岛效应方面的效力。利用"单窗算法"和3个不同时段的TM/ETM+数据获取了珠江三角洲核心区域的地表温度分布图,分析了两种指数与地表温度之间的关系。对局部区域逐像元和对区域总体分析的结果表明:不同时段的地表温度与归一化水汽指数之间均存在较强的线性关系,而地表温度与归一化植被指数之间的线性关系相对较弱。说明在城市化的环境下,与传统上常用归一化植被指数作为指标来定量分析地表温度相比,归一化水汽指数提供了一种互补的、甚至更加有效的衡量指标。  相似文献   

江苏省人口空间格局演化特征   总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4  

马颖忆  陆玉麒  张莉 《地理科学进展》2012,31(2):167-175

以江苏省为例,选取人口数及人口密度为研究指标,以县域为研究单元,通过人口密度、空间自相关、不均衡指数、重心移动及偏移—分享分析,描述20 世纪90 年代以来江苏省人口空间格局及其演变趋势。结果表明:近20 年来,江苏省人口密度有“南高北低”的特征,该现象与经济发展水平相对应;江苏省人口分布存在一定的空间关联性,在长江中下游各县市形成空间人口密度高的集聚区域,在苏北平原形成空间人口密度低的集聚区域,随时间推移人口集聚趋势不断减弱;江苏省人口呈不均衡分布状态且不均衡趋势加强,人口重心逐渐向西北方向迁移;江苏省人口增长速度在变慢,集聚人口能力在3 大区域之间有明显差异,苏中相对不足,苏南不断增强而苏北不断减弱。  相似文献   

黑龙江鸡西地区一维速度模型     

吴宝峰  张永刚  徐建权  郝永梅 《地震地磁观测与研究》2015,(3)

根据鸡西地震台网6个地震台记录的113个爆破S波和P波的到时差数据,和1979年牡丹江爆破数据给出的3个远台10个S波和P波的到时差数据,利用网格搜索法,得到鸡西地区一维P波和S波速度模型,并应用于爆破定位,定位精度有较大提高。  相似文献   

北京地震台宽频带面波震级公式建立     

朱战斌  徐小明  田鑫 《地震地磁观测与研究》2015,(1)

利用IASPEI推荐的宽频震级计算公式MBB,重新量取并计算北京地震台1993—2003年(数字宽频地震记录系统与模拟地震仪器记录并行时期)的MBB、MSK、MKIRNOS震级,并分别同中国地震台网中心发布震级MCENC进行震级偏差比较。对比结果显示:采用宽频带垂直向速度型面波震级的MBB,震级偏差在震中距0°—180°范围内均呈现良好的稳定性,且与中国地震台网中心发布的震级偏差最小。遂利用最小二乘法,采用IASPEI公布的宽频带面波震级计算框架,拟合出北京地震台宽频震级公式。  相似文献   

福建仙游震群重定位及序列特征分析     

秦双龙  李强  邱毅  廖丽霞  陈莹 《地震地磁观测与研究》2015,(3):67-71

使用福建东南沿海地壳速度结构模型,利用双差定位方法(hypodd),对2010年8月—2013年12月福建仙游地区震群序列进行重新定位,讨论仙游震群序列的变化特征。定位结果显示,仙游震群序列主要围绕金钟水库蓄水区周缘活动,震源位置和深度表现出一定时空阶段性分布特征,并具有一定水库地震性质。  相似文献   

Estimation of snow density using full-polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data     

《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth》2015

In this paper, a new snow density estimation methodology is proposed for full-polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. The generalized four component polarimetric decomposition with unitary transformation (G4U) based generalized volume parameter is utilized to invert snowpack dielectric constant using the Fresnel transmission coefficients. The snow density is then estimated using an empirical relationship. Six Radarsat-2 fine resolution full-polarimetric C-band datasets were acquired over Himachal Pradesh, India. The near-real time in-situ measurements were collected with the satellite pass to validate the proposed method. The mean absolute error (MAE) of the proposed method is 0.027 g cm⁻³ and the root mean square error (RMSE) is 0.032 g cm⁻³. The snow density variation within a season were also analyzed using multi-temporal Radarsat-2 data.  相似文献   

沈阳台利用sPn震相确定近震深度的对比分析     

荆涛 《防灾减灾学报》2015,(4):49-55

通过沈阳台记录到20个壳内近震和26个营海岫地区近震,利用s Pn与Pn震相的到时差重新计算这46个近震的震源深度,并和国家台网中心结果及辽宁台网中心结果进行比对,表明沈阳台记录到的s Pn震相可用于计算震源深度,计算得出的深度与国家台网中心及辽宁台网中心所测定深度基本相近,误差较小。  相似文献