Methodological Considerations for the Evaluation of Seismic Risk on Road Network   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Antonino D’Andrea  Salvatore Cafiso  Antonio Condorelli 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2005,162(4):767-782

The recent earthquakes in California and Japan have shown the fundamental role that the road infrastructure plays in emergencies. In fact, only the maintenance of a sufficient level of efficiency can help to quickly reach the affected areas and thus avoid further serious consequences. The necessity of guaranteeing the functionality of the transport network during seismic events therefore requires seismic risk planning extended also to the road infrastructures in order to support the management of post-earthquake emergencies. Analogously it is fundamentally important to have analysis instruments of the road system able to preventatively evaluate the effects of earthquakes in order to identify possible emergencies, therefore preparing a program of intervention to reduce seismic risk on road networks. This paper proposes a methodology for the evaluation of seismic risk of road infrastructures according to the following points:Study of seismic hazard of the site for the definition of a seismic scenario using attenuation models in relation to historical seismology and the geological and tectonic characteristics of the territory;Analysis of the direct exposure connected to the probability of the presence of road users on the different parts of the network directly exposed to the seismic event;Analysis of the indirect exposure relative to the distribution of the population and the infrastructures for which post-earthquake accessibility must be guaranteed;Evaluation of the functional vulnerability in relation to the potential replaceability of damaged stretches considering network configuration and geometrical characteristics;Evaluation of structural vulnerability of the stretch correlated to the characteristics (structural, mechanical, technological, etc.) of the different components (bridges, embankments, trenches, tunnels) that make up the stretches obtained by the use of correctly elaborated tables for each component.The determination of global risk indexes of the single stretches and of the network, evaluated by means of a relationship between the ascertained parameters derived from the investigation of the previous points, provides the necessary information for the definition of mitigation measures to reduce the risk and for management planning before and after disaster. The proposed methodology, which has already been applied to a restricted area, is currently being applied to the province of Catania (Sicily, Italy), which is one of the geographical regions of highest seismic risk in Europe, and its future extension to all of eastern Sicily is foreseeable.  相似文献   

Magma ascent and eruptive processes from textural and compositional features of Monte Nuovo pyroclastic products, Campi Flegrei, Italy   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Monica Piochi  Giuseppe Mastrolorenzo  Lucia Pappalardo 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2005,67(7):663-678

Geochemical and textural studies were carried out on alkaline products of the AD 1538 Monte Nuovo eruption. Due to the integration of the volcanological study with eyewitness reports, the dynamics and timing of each phase of the eruption and the volume of emitted magmas are known in detail. On this basis, unique in Campi Flegrei, the relations between magma chamber mechanisms, eruptive styles, magma ascent dynamics and volatile exsolution processes have been explored. Glass and phenocryst compositions indicate that the erupted magma has a homogeneous phono-trachytic composition. Textures and compositions of phenocrysts indicate that they crystallised at equilibrium with the melt in the magma chamber, likely as a mushy boundary layer along the chamber wall, where the temperature was below the liquidus temperature of the crystal free-chamber core. The estimated crystallisation temperature is 850±40°C. The magma phase relations in Petrogenys Residua System suggest that phenocryst crystallisation occurred at between 100 and 200 MPa, corresponding to depths ranging from 3 to 8 km. The microlite composition and their close genetic relations with vesicles indicate that groundmass crystallisation occurred during the eruption as a consequence of magma degassing and vesiculation induced by decompression during its ascent toward the surface. Crystal size distributions reveal that microlites grew in two stages of undercooling that we define as: (1) magma migration onset upward from the chamber and (2) magma rising through the conduit to the surface, possibly lasting tens of days and few days, respectively. These results provide information on the physical conditions that characterise pre- and syn-eruptive processes, which may be useful in order to define eruptive scenarios and to evaluate short-term precursors. Furthermore, the collected data provide for the first time information on degassing-induced crystallisation during the eruption of a highly evolved alkaline magma.Editorial responsibility: M. Carroll  相似文献   

International standard (ISO) on seismic actions for designing geotechnical works–An overview     

Susumu Iai   《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2005,25(7-10):605-615

The seismic performance of geotechnical works is significantly affected by ground displacement. In particular, soil–structure interaction and effects of liquefaction play major roles and pose difficult problems for engineers. An International Standard, ISO23469, is being developed for addressing these issues in a systematic manner within a consistent framework. The objective of this paper is to give an overview of this International Standard.In this International Standard, the seismic actions are determined through two stages. The first stage determines basic seismic action variables, including the earthquake ground motion at the site, the potential for earthquake-associated phenomena such as liquefaction and induced lateral ground displacement. These basic variables are used, in the second stage, for specifying the seismic actions for designing geotechnical works. In the second stage, the soil–structure interaction plays a major role. Types of analyses are classified based on a combination of static/dynamic analyses and the procedure for soil–structure interaction classified as follows:

– simplified: soil–structure interaction of a global system is modeled as an action on a substructure;

– detailed: soil–structure interaction of a global system is modeled as a coupled system.

Numerical simulation of debris flow with application on hazard area mapping   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Ko-Fei Liu  Ming Chung Huang 《Computational Geosciences》2006,10(2):221-240

A numerical program developed for field application is presented in this paper. We use the generalized Julien and Lan [8] rheological model to simulate debris flows. Due to the derivative discontinuous nature of the constitutive law, flow is separated into plug region and bottom region (with stress greater than yield stress). The program solves the plug flow layer solution first, and then corrects the solution with the bottom layer approximation. Numerical scheme with upwind method and central difference in space and Adam–Bashforth third-order scheme in time is used for both layers. The scheme is tested against analytical solutions and laboratory experiments with very good results. Application to a field case with more complicated geometry also achieves good agreement, with error less than 5% compared to field measurements. The final example demonstrates how this numerical program is used in a preliminary design.  相似文献   

New Developments in Seismic Risk Assessment in Italy   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

Giacomo?Di?Pasquale  Giampiero?Orsini  Roberto?W.?RomeoEmail author 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2005,3(1):101-128

  相似文献   

Site assessment and evaluation of spatial earthquake ground motion of Kyeongju     

Dong-Soo Kim  Choong-Ki Chung  Chang-Guk Sun  Eun-Seok Bang   《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2002,22(5):358

The earthquake hazard has been evaluated for 10 km×10 km area around Kyeongju. The ground motion potentials were determined based on equivalent linear analysis by using the data obtained from in situ and laboratory tests. In situ tests include 16 boring investigations, 4 crosshole, 12 downhole, 26 spectral analysis of surface waves tests, and in the laboratory, resonant column tests were performed. The peak ground accelerations range between 0.141g and 0.299g on collapse level earthquake and between 0.050g and 0.120g on operation level earthquake, respectively, showing the high potential of amplification in the deep alluvial layer in Kyeongju area. Distribution maps of site amplification for the peak acceleration, amplification factors (F_a and F_v) and dominant site period of Kyeongju are constructed using geographic information system tools. The amplification factor based on the Korean seismic design guide underestimated the motion in short range and overestimated the motion in mid-period range in Kyeongju. The importance of site-specific analysis and the need for the improved site characterization method are introduced.  相似文献   

城市地质灾害勘察中地球物理方法的应用效果     

杨进  武炜  刘兆平 《物探化探计算技术》2005,27(3):233-236

城市化是人类社会发展的必然趋势。伴随着城市的快速发展,大部分城市长期超强度开发利用资源,大量排放“三废”,导致资源破坏,环境恶化,人为产生了一系列地质灾害问题。由于城市地质灾害具有危害性、潜在性、突发性、隐蔽性、社会性等特点,因此全面加强城市防灾减灾,不但特别重要,而且十分紧迫。近年来,地球物理技术的应用范围得到了迅速地扩展。在各种城市地质灾害的监测、预报和防治工作中,地球物理方法同样可以发挥巨大的作用。这里针对崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、海水入侵、地下水资源污染、岩溶塌陷、地面沉降、地裂缝等几种常见城市地质灾害,概述了我国城市中的危害及发展现状,并结合实例介绍了地球物理方法在城市地质灾害勘察中的应用。实践证明,地球物理方法在城市地质灾害勘察的监测、探测和防治中具有特有的优势,是一个前景十分广阔的领域。  相似文献   

川西高原主要地质灾害特征及其影响因素浅析   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

段丽萍  郑万模  李明辉  邓国仕  杨桂花 《沉积与特提斯地质》2005,25(4):95-98

川西高原位于青藏高原东缘，是崩塌、滑坡和泥石流等突发性地质灾害的群发地，具有分布基本沿活动构造带走向、发生时间较集中、人类活动诱发的地质灾害数量增多和地质灾害链后果严重等特点，主要受地质构造、现今构造运动、地形地貌、降雨及人类不科学的社会、经济和工程活动等多种因素影响。  相似文献   

公路沿线花岗岩风化区滑坡危险度评价--以日本49号国道合户地区为例   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

邱骋  谢谟文  江崎哲郎 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2005,16(1):23-28

对公路沿线边坡进行稳定性评价及滑坡灾害分析，对于由滑坡、泥石流等引起的公路灾害的防治具有重要指导意义。为了评价处于花岗岩风化区的日本福岛县合户地区49号国道沿线边坡的滑坡危险程度，在调查和分析了该地区的表层破坏模式、并通过简易探测方法摸清了风化土层的厚度分布后，将研究区域划分为边坡单元(Slopeunit)，使用椭球体下半部模拟滑动面的形状，通过随机试算法确定各边坡单元危险滑动面的位置及空间形状；采用一种基于GIS的边坡稳定性三维分析模型计算各边坡单元最小安全系数以及滑坡发生概率，定量评价滑坡灾害危险程度。所有的计算过程及结果显示均在一个基于GIS平台的系统中完成，为如何利用GIS技术更好地为滑坡灾害防治工作服务拓宽了思路。  相似文献   

贵州省地质灾害气象预警系统   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

陈百炼  帅士章  吴战平 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2005,16(3):111-113,118

从降水（特别是暴雨）是地质灾害的主要自然诱因这一基本事实出发，通过对地质灾害和对应气象资料的分析，探讨地质灾害的发生与气象条件之间的关系，提出了一套基于降雨量指标的地质灾害气象预警方法。作者综合考虑前期累积雨量、降雨类型和实时雨量等关键指标，建立了一定地质环境条件下灾害的气象预警模型。在此基础上，应用先进的软件技术开发研制了贵州省地质灾害气象预警系统，并于2003午汛期投入业务试运行，开展地质灾害气象预警眼务。该系统实时运行在气象业务网络环境中，高效稳定、功能全面．自动进行全省地质灾害气象条件的动态监测和模型计算，利用精细化乡镇雨量观测网和地质灾害隐患点资料，可实现对全省各地到乡镇一级的地质灾害气象条件预警，每日制作发布全省地质灾害气象条件预警报告，提供生动直观的预警图、表及相应的地质灾害隐患点信息：该系统经过在实践应用中不断改进完善，形成了以应用全省精细化乡镇雨量观测资料和针对地质灾害隐患分布的特色。该系统投入业务运行以来建立了汛期业务值班制度，向省委首政府、国土民政等有关部门进行有效的地质灾害气象预警服务，对系统运行情况进行地质灾害实例检验取得了较好的预警效果，服务工作取得了明显的社会效益。由于该系统的开发主要是从气象条件的角度出发，虽考虑了地质灾害隐患的分布情况，但对导致地质灾害发生的地喷环境条件的分析应用还显不够。最后，作者也指出了需要进一步改进的方向。  相似文献