1975-2005年中国铁路机车的CO2排放量   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

何吉成  李耀增 《气候变化研究进展》2010,6(1):35-39

基于我国铁路部门逐年统计数据,计算了1975-2005年我国铁路机车的CO₂排放量,分析了我国铁路机车CO₂排放强度及其变化特点。结果表明,由于蒸汽机车不断被内燃机车和电力机车所取代,我国蒸汽机车CO₂年排放量逐年降低,内燃机车的CO₂年排放量逐年上升,铁路机车CO₂总排放量由1975年的4223万t降至2005年的1640万t,CO₂排放强度呈现明显的降低趋势,年均降低2.4 g /换算吨公里。我国铁路机车的CO₂排放量占整个交通运输仓储和邮政行业CO₂排放量的比重也呈逐年降低趋势。  相似文献   

磁暴环电流衰减率对磁层能量状态的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

徐文耀  杜爱民 《地球物理学报》2010,53(6):1247-1255

赤道环电流是引起磁暴扰动的主要电流体系,环电流衰减速率极大地影响着磁层能量收支估计和磁暴预报.本文提出评价环电流衰减率的两条新指标;（1）E指标（磁暴事件总能量收支平衡指标）,即磁暴全过程的积分能量收支平衡;（2）L指标（长期总能量收支平衡指标）,即几年、十几年或更长时段内积分能量收支平衡.我们用1998~2003年44个磁暴事件以及第23太阳周（1998~2008年）11年的连续资料,分别检验了几类衰减率模型对上述两条指标符合的情况.结果表明,PA1978和XD2010两类模型对E指标符合得最好,即无论磁暴强弱,它们均显示出事件总能量收支平衡的基本特征;同时,这两类模型与L指标符合得也最好,即它们的长期积分能量基本平衡,而且磁暴期间的能量消耗表现出明显增强的重要特征.  相似文献   

>0.3 MeV高能电子注入辐射带槽区事件的分析与预报          下载免费PDF全文

陈文磊  谢伦 《地球物理学报》2010,53(12):2796-2804

本文利用低高度太阳同步轨道系列卫星NOAA/POES从1996年到2006年的>0.3 MeV高能电子观测数据,分析了>0.3 MeV高能电子注入辐射带槽区的特征,研究了注入槽区事件与行星际条件、太阳活动和地磁扰动之间的联系.研究表明>0.3 MeV高能电子注入辐射带槽区事件与磁暴的发生密切相关,注入事件的发生与太阳活动的强度有一定的相关性.在此研究的基础上,本文通过分析辐射带槽区>0.3 MeV高能电子通量和Dst指数的相关性,提出了利用Dst指数推算辐射带槽区>0.3 MeV高能电子通量的方法,继而给出了可行的辐射带槽区高能电子辐射环境的预警模式.  相似文献   

Planners to the rescue: Spatial planning facilitating the development of offshore wind energy     

Stephen Jay 《Marine pollution bulletin》2010,60(4):493-499

The development of offshore wind energy has started to take place surprisingly quickly, especially in North European waters. This has taken the wind energy industry out of the territory of planning systems that usually govern the siting of wind farms on land, and into the world of departmental, sectoral regulation of marine activities. Although this has favoured the expansion of offshore wind energy in some respects, evidence suggests that the practice and principles of spatial planning can make an important contribution to the proper consideration of proposals for offshore wind arrays. This is especially so when a strategic planning process is put in place for marine areas, in which offshore wind is treated as part of the overall configuration of marine interests, so that adjustments can be made in the interests of wind energy. The current process of marine planning in the Netherlands is described as an illustration of this.  相似文献   

Investigation of OMA formation and the effect of minerals   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Haiping Zhang  Ying Zheng  Kenneth Lee  Joseph V. Mullin 《Marine pollution bulletin》2010,60(9):1433-1441

Oil-mineral-aggregates (OMA) have been shown to be effective in oil spills cleanup. Experimental work was carried out to study the effects of physical-chemical properties of natural minerals and chemically modified minerals on OMA formation and oil removal. The results showed that the hydrophobicity, particle sizes and specific surface of minerals played an important role in OMA formation. Appropriate hydrophobicity of minerals can enhance the formation of OMA. The surface property of minerals can also influence the shape of OMA. Spherical mineral-oil aggregates were frequently formed with hydrophilic minerals while irregular shaped OMA were observed with hydrophobic minerals. The sizes of OMA also increased when the minerals changed from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. The effects of dispersant and mixing energy were also carefully studied. The results showed that dispersant were a dominant factor. When dispersant was applied, effects of other factors became minimal.  相似文献   

Self‐centering structural systems with combination of hysteretic and viscous energy dissipations     

Weng Yuen Kam  Stefano Pampanin  Alessandro Palermo  Athol J. Carr 《地震工程与结构动力学》2010,39(10):1083-1108

This paper presents an innovative set of high‐seismic‐resistant structural systems termed Advanced Flag‐Shaped (AFS) systems, where self‐centering elements are used with combinations of various alternative energy dissipation elements (hysteretic, viscous or visco‐elasto‐plastic) in series and/or in parallel. AFS systems is developed using the rationale of combining velocity‐dependent with displacement‐dependent energy dissipation for self‐centering systems, particularly to counteract near‐fault earthquakes. Non‐linear time‐history analyses (NLTHA) on a set of four single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) systems under a suite of 20 far‐field and 20 near‐fault ground motions are used to compare the seismic performance of AFS systems with the conventional systems. It is shown that AFS systems with a combination in parallel of hysteretic and viscous energy dissipations achieved greater performance in terms of the three performance indices. Furthermore, the use of friction slip in series of viscous energy dissipation is shown to limit the peak response acceleration and induced base‐shear. An extensive parametric analysis is carried out to investigate the influence of two design parameters, λ₁ and λ₂ on the response of SDOF AFS systems with initial periods ranging from 0.2 to 3.0 s and with various strength levels when subjected to far‐field and near‐fault earthquakes. For the design of self‐centering systems with combined hysteretic and viscous energy dissipation (AFS) systems, λ₁ is recommended to be in the range of 0.8–1.6 while λ₂ to be between 0.25 and 0.75 to ensure sufficient self‐centering and energy dissipation capacities, respectively. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

2009年世界地震活动性和地震灾情概要   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

李卫平  赵荣国 《国际地震动态》2010,(5):38-42

2009年地震频度较高,强度较低;地震灾情一般较轻,较重的地区一是印度尼西亚地区,其次是意大利地区。  相似文献   

利用水合硅酸钠钙渣回收碱并用于制备硅灰石纳米粉体的实验研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王晓艳  马鸿文  俞子俭  王霞 《现代地质》2011,25(1):163-168

从高硅含铝原料霓辉正长岩中提取氧化铝时,硅以水合硅酸钠钙的形式排出。实验研究了水合硅酸钠钙渣的高效利用技术。利用水合硅酸钠钙自身的水解作用和在NaOH溶液中使之分解两种方法来回收其中的Na2O,所得NaOH溶液经蒸发浓缩后可循环利用。回收碱后剩余的固体渣用来制备硅灰石粉体。实验得出回收碱的优化条件为温度180 ℃,起始溶液的Na2O浓度为20 g/L,液固比为4∶1,洗涤6~7次。在此条件下,碱回收率可达90%以上。对回收碱后所得固体渣进行差热-热重分析,确定制备硅灰石粉体的煅烧温度。在820 ℃下煅烧2 h,制得颗粒尺寸为50~100 nm的α-CaSiO3纳米粉体,对其反应机理进行了初步的探讨。  相似文献   

樟子松固沙林带间植被恢复及其对林草界面作用的响应   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

姜丽娜  杨文斌  姚云峰  卢琦  杜敏  王琳琳 《中国沙漠》2011,31(2):372-378

调查了海拉尔市巴音岱林场不同分布格局、不同带间距的人工樟子松林带内植被恢复过程及物种多样性的差异,分析了林草界面生态学效应,研究了林草界面对带间植被自然恢复的作用。结果表明,宽的带间距带内物种多样性和生物量变化曲线出现了两个高峰,而窄的带间距带内只有一个高峰,说明该地区林带之间距离不应小于12 m;当林带之间距离为16~28 m时草本物种多样性出现最大值。植被恢复效果表现为带间距12 m差于带间距24 m,虽然都差于天然植被,但边际效应大大地加速了群落演替的进程。研究区樟子松林草界面边缘效应影响域为20 m, 其小尺度范围内生境异质性也很明显。行带式造林带间距离不应大于40 m,超出边缘效应影响域不利于带间植被恢复。  相似文献   

利用Q型聚类分析研究鄂尔多斯盆地多种能源矿产间的关系   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

潘爱芳  王方一  张道法  赫英 《地球科学与环境学报》2010,32(1):48-53

为揭示鄂尔多斯盆地多种能源矿产间的关系,根据盆地石油、油气伴生水以及煤、煤层夹矸、铀矿及围岩样品的氯仿沥青中57种元素的分析结果,进行了Q型聚类分析。结果表明:侏罗系下统延安组石油、侏罗系中统直罗组石油与三叠系延长组石油有相近的成因特征;三叠系延长组石油沥青、三叠系延长组含油砂岩沥青与侏罗系中统直罗组石油沥青具有类似的成因特征;神木侏罗系下统延安组煤沥青、东胜侏罗系中统直罗组煤沥青、铜川陈家山侏罗系下统延安组煤层石油以及铜川陈家山侏罗系下统延安组煤沥青成因特征相近;铜川陈家山侏罗系下统延安组煤层石油沥青可能与准格尔黑岱沟石炭二叠系煤沥青具有成因上的联系;侏罗系下统延安组石油沥青与放射性铀矿的形成具有密切关系;天然气的物质来源复杂,且与石油和煤的进一步演化有一定关系。鄂尔多斯盆地多种能源矿产成因较复杂、相互间关系密切,且具有多源性成藏(矿)特征。  相似文献