Extraction of water and solutes from argillaceous rocks for geochemical characterisation: Methods, processes and current understanding     

Elisa Sacchi  Jean-Luc Michelot  Helmut Pitsch  Philippe Lalieux  Jean-François Aranyossy 《Hydrogeology Journal》2001,9(1):17-33

This paper summarises the results of a comprehensive critical review, initiated by the OECD/NEA "Clay Club," of the extraction techniques available to obtain water and solutes from argillaceous rocks. The paper focuses on the mechanisms involved in the extraction processes, the consequences on the isotopic and chemical composition of the extracted pore water and the attempts made to reconstruct its original composition. Finally, it provides some examples of reliable techniques and information, as a function of the purpose of the geochemical study. Electronic Publication  相似文献   

一次路径偏北南折的秋季江淮气旋成因分析          下载免费PDF全文

刘雪映  高山红 《山东气象》2018,38(1):17-26

2015年11月5—8日发生的一次江淮气旋具有与以往过程不同的特征,发生时间晚、路径偏北东移、途经山东半岛后又南折,导致山东半岛连续降水36 h,降水时段内累积降水量最大接近50 mm。为揭示上述特点的成因,利用FNL（Final Analysis Data of Global Forecast System）再分析数据进行了天气形势分析,结果表明：副热带高压位置偏北且强度较强是导致气旋过程发生时间偏晚、路径偏北东移的重要原因,而副热带高压的异常变化与2015年强厄尔尼诺事件有很强的关联性。借助WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）数值试验探究了气旋过程路径偏北又南折的原因,发现：1）黄海的高海温有利于海面水汽通量向上输送,积云对流加强,潜热释放促进江淮气旋增强发展;高空西南气流对增强气旋的控制较弱,导致气旋没有一直向北移动,中途发生南折。2）黄海南部海温较北部偏高约4 ℃,低空大气南、北部之间形成的能量锋区对江淮气旋的南折有指向作用;同时对流层低层偏北风的存在以及副热带高压的短时南撤为气旋的南折提供了动力环境。  相似文献   

Basal slip and texture development in calcite: new results from torsion experiments     

D. J. Barber  H.-R. Wenk  J. Gomez-Barreiro  E. Rybacki  G. Dresen 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2007,34(2):73-84

The deformation behavior of calcite has been of longstanding interest. Through experiments on single crystals, deformation mechanisms were established such as mechanical twinning on in the positive sense and slip on and both in the negative sense. More recently it was observed that at higher temperatures slip in both senses becomes active and, based on slip line analysis, it was suggested that slip may occur. So far there had been no direct evidence for basal slip, which is the dominant system in dolomite. With new torsion experiments on calcite single crystals at 900 K and transmission electron microscopy, this study identifies slip unambiguously by direct imaging of dislocations and diffraction contrast analysis. Including this slip system in polycrystal plasticity simulations, enigmatic texture patterns observed in compression and torsion of calcite rocks at high temperature can now be explained, resolving a long-standing puzzle.  相似文献   

Wave loads on a coastal bridge deck and the role of entrapped air     

《Applied Ocean Research》2015

Wave loading on a coastal bridge deck due to nonlinear waves during a storm, where air may be fully or partially trapped between the girders, is studied through an extensive set of laboratory experiments. Wave cases tested cover a range of shallow-water to intermediate-water depth waves. A range of model elevations is tested to include conditions where the bridge may be partially inundated, to where the model is fully elevated above the still-water level (SWL). The model is constructed to include different percentages of air-relief openings, to capture a range of cases where no air can escape between the girders, to where all the air can escape and the wave can freely interact with the bottom of the bridge deck. Effects of the compressibility of entrapped air as well as the effects of the model scale are investigated through numerical calculations solving the compressible and incompressible Euler's equations, at both the model and prototype scales, by use of the open source CFD software, OpenFOAM. Along with coastal bridges, this research is applicable to other coastal and offshore structures, such as piers, submerged breakwaters and offshore platforms, in which wave loading or entrapped air is of concern.  相似文献   

水母(沙海蜇)降解与营养盐(氮、磷)释放的模拟与实证     

李学刚  宋金明  马清霞  李宁  袁华茂  段丽琴  曲宝晓 《海洋学报(英文版)》2015,34(8):1-12

The aim of this study was to investigate nitrogen and phosphorus released in the process of the decomposition of giant jellyfish in the laboratory and found the evidence to verify the influence of nutrients released by the decomposition of jellyfish on the ecosystem in the field. The release of nitrogen and phosphorus from the decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai was examined in a series of experiments under different incubation conditions such as different p H values, salinity values, temperatures and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. The results showed that the complete decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai generally took about 4–8 d. The release of nitrogen and phosphorus from the decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai could be divided into two stages: the early stage and the later stage, although the efflux rate of nitrogen was one order more than phosphorus. In the early stage of the decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai, the concentrations of dissolved nitrogen, dissolved phosphorus, total nitrogen and total phosphorus in seawater increased rapidly, and the concentration of nitrogen could reach the highest level in the whole degradation process. In the later stage of the decomposition, the concentrations of dissolved nitrogen and total nitrogen declined slowly, while the concentration of phosphorus in water could reach a maximum in the degradation process. High p H, low salinity,high temperature and N/P will promote the release of nitrogen; low p H is unfavorable to the release of nitrogen but favorable to the release of phosphorus. In addition, we found the concentrations of ammonium and phosphate in the bottom water were higher than those in the surface water during the period of jellyfish bloom in the Jiaozhou Bay, proving that nutrients released by the decomposition of jellyfish have significant influence on nitrogen and phosphorus in the field. For the whole Yellow Sea, nutrients released by jellyfish carcasses may reach up to(2.63±2.98)×107 mol/d of dissolved nitrogen(DN) and(0.74±0.84)×106 mol/d of dissolved phosphorus(DP) during the period of jellyfish bloom. The values are comparable to riverine inputs in a day, but much higher than sediment–water exchange flux in the Yellow Sea. The great amounts of nutrients must have significant influence on the nutrients balance of the Yellow Sea during the period of jellyfish dead and decomposition. Both the experimental data and field observations proved that the decomposition of jellyfish may release a great amount of nutrient to the surrounding environment during the period of jellyfish decomposition.  相似文献   

静止卫星云导风的质量控制及在同化中的应用   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

薛谌彬  何财福  龚建东  王瑞春 《应用气象学报》2013,24(3):356-364

静止卫星云导风的同化一直以来是卫星资料同化中亟待解决的问题之一,其质量控制是关键。该文针对全球静止卫星云导风的红外、水汽和可见光通道在空间区域的误差特点确定相应的QI阈值,进行了质量控制和等距稀疏化工作,并考察了质量控制前后云导风数量的垂直分布特征。研究表明:质量控制后,红外通道云导风占绝大多数,水汽通道次之,可见光通道最少。最后,文章设计了3个试验方案进行数值模拟,对比分析了云导风在质量控制前后对预报的改进效果,结果表明:加入经质量控制的云导风资料后能有效减小分析场在中高层的误差;经过质量控制后的云导风对全球中短期数值预报 (1~5 d) 有明显的正预报效果。  相似文献   

Responses of Planetary Waves to Global Warming: Implications from CMIP3 4×CO_2 Experiments          下载免费PDF全文

WEN Xin-Yu  JIA Zhe  TAN Ben-Kui 《大气和海洋科学快报》2013,6(2):109-116

The planetary wave response to global warming with single forcing of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is investigated in this study by using a total of 11 model results that anticipated CMIP3 4×CO2 experiments. It is shown that the amplitudes of the planetary wave fluxes over Siberia, the Eastern North Pacific, and the North Atlantic decrease by approximately -10% to -30% in the warming context. In particular, the vertical wave flux over the Eastern North Pacific significantly decreases by -28.6%. The weakening of the planetary waves is partly associated with the decreased land-sea thermal contrast, which may be caused by the radiation effect of CO2 and the different surface heat capacities of land and sea. The present work provides a clear understanding of the responses of planetary waves to GHGs forcing.  相似文献   

Experiment-based policy change over time: Learning from experiences in the Dutch fen landscape     

《Global Environmental Change》2020

This study provides insight into the potential of experiment-based policy making to address complex environmental challenges. The investigation shows the usefulness of making an analytical distinction between incremental and synoptic policy experiments to understand successful change over time. Incremental refers here to gradual adjustment of policies in a specific context, synoptic to radical change of policies on a large scale. Success is understood in terms of drawing lessons and realising policy goals, enabling diffusion and improving environmental status. This unique study, including both the initial investigation and a follow-up 10 years after, analyses the dynamics that emerged from seven empirical cases to identify factors affecting the design and success of these two types of experiments. We studied three incremental experiments and four synoptic experiments in the Dutch fen landscape to learn from their practical experiences. This densely populated and commercially used landscape is vulnerable to environmental pressure such as precipitation peaks, sea level rise and droughts. Initiators of the incremental experiments were able to change land-use management practices, albeit staying relatively close to the status quo. In contrast, while initiators of the synoptic experiments expressed higher ambitions in terms of change, these experiments tended to experience stagnation and difficulties in implementation and diffusion. Observations reveal that experiment-based policy change may crucially depend on capacity to deal with stakeholder dynamics and to embed experiments within multi-level institutional settings.  相似文献   

硫酸盐气溶胶间接效应对中国东部冬季气候的影响     

王东东  朱彬  万绪江 《气象与环境学报》2020,36(5):52-61

气溶胶间接效应通过对云的作用来影响气候,其过程复杂且不确定性较大。本研究利用美国国家大气研究中心（NCAR）的公共大气模式CAM5.1,通过改变模式中硫酸盐气溶胶转化为云凝结核数浓度的数量,设计了硫酸盐气溶胶间接效应的敏感性试验,通过与控制试验对比来研究其间接效应对中国东部地区冬季云、降水和季风强度的影响。结果表明：在东亚地区云凝结核形成过程中,硫酸盐气溶胶占绝对的主导地位。硫酸盐气溶胶间接效应导致中国东部地区冬季云凝结核和云滴数浓度显著增加,海洋和陆地低层的云滴有效半径减小和总云液水路径的增加,导致了云反照率的增加。引起的负辐射强迫使地表和大气降温,海平面气压升高,增加的海陆气压梯度导致中国南方地区东亚冬季风增强,总降水率减少。硫酸盐气溶胶间接效应可能不是东亚冬季风在20世纪80年代中期年际变率减弱的原因。  相似文献   

道路地图示意性表达的可用性评估     

龚成银  遆鹏  吴昊  蓝天 《测绘通报》2021,(5):81-85

当前示意性地图表达主要针对公共交通网络,缺乏对道路地图示意性表达可用性评估研究。本文选取景区和街道两个典型道路场景,采用最新的自动示意化方法生成示意地图,以主观问卷调查结合客观眼动试验的方式,评估道路地图示意性表达的可用性。试验结果表明:①示意性表达能够提升道路地图的简化度、清晰度及用户满意度,尤其对于原始道路形状较为复杂的情况;②示意地图中路径形状简化会造成不同路径感知长度差异的改变,从而影响到人们路径抉择行为;③对于路径示意性结果增加了道路网密集程度的情况,会降低示意地图认知效率。本文研究成果有助于道路地图自动示意性表达规则完善和方法优化,能够进一步提升地图示意性表达的实用性。  相似文献