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101.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) are universally mutualistic symbionts that colonize the fine roots of most vascular plants. However, the biogeographical patterns and driving factors of AMF diversity of plant roots in grasslands are not well investigated. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing techniques and bioinformatics to evaluate the AMF richness of 333 individual plant roots in 21 natural grassland ecosystems in northern China, including the Loess Plateau(LP), the Mongolian Plateau(MP), and the Tibetan Plateau(TP). The AMF richness showed a significant parabolic trend with increasing longitude. In regional situations, the AMF richness in the grasslands of the MP(60.4 ± 1.47) was significantly higher than those of the LP(46.4 ± 1.43) and TP(44.3 ± 1.64). Plant traits(including plant families, genera, and functional groups) explained the most variation in the AMF richness across China's grasslands, followed by energy and water; soil properties had the least effects. The results showed the biogeographical patterns of the AMF richness and the underlying dominant factors, providing synthetic data compilation and analyses in the AMF diversity in China's grasslands. 相似文献
102.
湿地生态系统是影响气候变化的活性气体的重要“源”或“汇”,随着人类活动的增加和气候变化的加剧,湿地生态系统活性气体对全球气候变化的影响越来越受到关注。已开展的研究主要集中于二氧化碳(CO2)、甲烷(CH4)、氧化亚氮(N2O)和二甲基硫(DMS)等活性气体。本文综述了湿地生态系统CO2、CH4、N2O和DMS的交换通量、时空变化特征以及影响因素。然而,目前对湿地生态系统活性气体的研究还不够系统和深入,对不同类型湿地的活性气体的源汇格局,碳氮硫的耦合作用机制、人类活动和环境压迫的影响等开展系统地研究,才能定量评价其对全球气候变化的贡献,并阐明变化趋势。 相似文献
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105.
Alpine Ecosystems of Northwest Yunnan, China: an Initial Assessment for Conservation 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Ruth Sherman Renee Mullen LI Haomin FANG Zhendong WANG Yi 《山地科学学报》2007,4(3):181-192
Implementing conservation actions on-the-ground is not a straightforward process,especially when faced with high scientific uncertainty due to limited available information. This is especially acute in regions of the world that harbor many unique species that have not been well studied,such as the alpine zone of the Hengduan Mountains of Northwest Yunnan (NWY),a global biodiversity hotspot and site of The Nature Conservancy’s Yunnan Great Rivers Project. We conducted a quantitative,but rapid regional-level assessment of the alpine flora across NWY to provide a broad-based understanding of local and regional patterns of the alpine flora,the first large-scale analysis of alpine biodiversity patterns in this region. Multivariate analyses were used to classify the major plant community types and link community patterns to habitat variables. Our analysis indicated that most species had small distributions and/or small population sizes. Strong patterns emerged with higher diversity in the more northern mountains,but beta diversity was high,averaging only 10% among sites. The ordinations indicated that elevation and geographic location were the dominant environ-mental gradients underlying the differences in the species composition among communities. The high beta diversity across the alpine of these mountains implies that conservation strategies ultimately will require the protection of large numbers of species over a large geographical area. However,prioritiza-tion should be given to areas where potential payoffs are greatest. Sites with high species richness also have a greater number of endemic species,and,by focusing efforts on these sites,conservation investments would be maximized by protecting the greatest number of unique species. 相似文献
106.
Recovery of topsoil physicochemical properties in revegetated sites in the sand-burial ecosystems of the Tengger Desert, northern China 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Recovery in soil properties and processes after sand burial in the Tengger Desert, northern China, was documented at five different-aged revegetated sites (1956, 1964, 1973, 1982, and 1991) and at a reference site with native vegetation, which had never been damaged by sand burial and was enclosed for grazing. The proportions of silt and clay, depth of topsoil and biological soil crusts, and concentrations of soil organic C, K, total N and total P increased with years since revegetation. Most characteristics of topsoil (0–5 cm) characteristics had recovered to 60% of those measured at the reference site by 50 years after sand-binding vegetation had been established. Exceptions were electrical conductivity and contents of sand, silt, CaCO3 and organic C, which recovered to 20–40% of the values at the reference site. The difference in annual recovery rates of soil properties between the two most recently revegetated sites (0–14 years) was greater than the difference between the two oldest revegetated sites (43–50 years). Best-fit asymptote models showed that the estimated times for the soil properties in the 50-year-old site to reach the same levels as in the reference site (i.e. an undisturbed, native steppified desert ecosystem) would be between 23 and 245 years, but for some properties even maximum recovery after > 50 years still fell significantly short of the level at the reference site. These results suggest that soil recovery is a slow process in an extremely arid desert environment, and therefore the conservation of soil habitat is a crucial issue for land managers. 相似文献
107.
全球生态系统的状况与趋势 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
简要介绍了千年生态系统评估(MA)项目状况与趋势工作组的报告《生态系统与人类福祉:现状与趋势》中的第3部分,即“对提供生态系统服务的各类系统的评估”。评估结果表明,在20世纪的后50年,全球生态系统的变化幅度和速度皆超过了人类历史上有记录的任何一个相等时间段的情况,目前人类活动实际上已经显著地改变了地球上的所有生态系统。这些变化主要表现在:① 大约1/4的地球陆地表层已经转变为垦殖系统,而且在1950年之后的30年中,转变为农田的土地面积比1700—1850年这150年间转变的总和还要多;②全球大多数的重要流域,由于水资源利用造成的栖息地丧失与破碎化,以及由于养分、沉积物、盐分及有毒物质造成的污染,已经显著地破坏了河流、湖泊和盐水沼泽等湿地生态系统的功能与生物多样性;③ 旱区系统存在着水资源匮乏、过度垦殖、过度放牧和过度砍伐树木等问题,生态状况尤其令人担忧;④ 栖息地的丧失与破碎化、过度开发、污染以及气候变化,已经对海滨系统造成了严重的生态威胁;⑤ 不可持续的农业开发模式,已经严重地破坏了热带森林生态系统的结构与功能。 相似文献
108.
The application of range of variability approach to the assessment of a check dam on riverine habitat alteration 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This report uses the intermediate disturbance hypothesis to assess the influence of constructing a check dam on river environment.
HEC-HMS and HEC-RAS programs were used to generate hydraulic parameters such as flow discharge, water depth, velocity, water
surface width and sediment discharge. Indicators of hydrologic alteration (IHA) and indicator of habitat alteration (IHabA)
were used to evaluate the flow and habitat conditions before and after check dam construction. The range of variability approach
was used to calculate the degree of hydrologic alteration for each IHA, degree of habitat alteration and overall alteration
for IHabA. Variability of river habitats before and after check dam construction was contrasted. Alteration became larger
the closer to the dam body. An assessment method for check dam construction is offered which does not require ecological investigation
data and combines ecology concepts and hydraulics. 相似文献
109.
中国西部植被水分利用效率的时空特征分析 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8
利用净初级生产力模型C-FIX,陆面过程模型CoLM以及高时空分辨率的遥感数据集,定量估算了2002年西部地区1 km分辨率的水分利用效率(WUE)时空格局分布.模型估算2002年西部地区净初级生产力总量约为0.96 PgC,蒸散发总量约为2 098 km3,整个西部地区平均单位面积上年均WUE约为0.32 gC.mm-1.西部地区WUE时空分布格局具有显著的异质性:WUE最高值区主要分布在新疆西北部的天山和阿尔泰山区域,年均WUE最高可达4 gC.mm-1.m-2;其次为西藏东南隅以及陕西和甘肃南部山区,年均WUE约在1~2 gC.mm-1.m-2之间.WUE最低值广泛分布在青藏高原地区和西北沙漠地区,年均WUE基本在0.4 gC.mm-1.m-2以下.研究发现,西北干旱区内陆河流域荒漠植被呈现出相对高的WUE水平,反映出适度水分亏缺地区的天然植被生态系统可能具有较水分充足地区植被生态系统更高的水分利用效率功能.通过定量分析比较不同植被生态系统WUE特征及其季节变化廓线,得到西部地区主要植被生态系统的年均WUE大小为山区森林>荒漠乔灌丛>灌溉农田>高寒草地>寒漠和戈壁. 相似文献
110.
Using China's ground observations, e.g., forest inventory, grassland resource, agricultural statistics, climate, and satellite data, we estimate terrestrial vegetation carbon sinks for China's major biomes between 1981 and 2000. The main results are in the following: (1) Forest area and forest biomass car- bon (C) stock increased from 116.5×106 ha and 4.3 Pg C (1 Pg C = 1015 g C) in the early 1980s to 142.8×106 ha and 5.9 Pg C in the early 2000s, respectively. Forest biomass carbon density increased form 36.9 Mg C/ha (1 Mg C = 106 g C) to 41.0 Mg C/ha, with an annual carbon sequestration rate of 0.075 Pg C/a. Grassland, shrub, and crop biomass sequestrate carbon at annual rates of 0.007 Pg C/a, 0.014― 0.024 Pg C/a, and 0.0125―0.0143 Pg C/a, respectively. (2) The total terrestrial vegetation C sink in China is in a range of 0.096―0.106 Pg C/a between 1981 and 2000, accounting for 14.6%―16.1% of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by China's industry in the same period. In addition, soil carbon sink is estimated at 0.04―0.07 Pg C/a. Accordingly, carbon sequestration by China's terrestrial ecosystems (vegetation and soil) offsets 20.8%―26.8% of its industrial CO2 emission for the study period. (3) Considerable uncertainties exist in the present study, especially in the estimation of soil carbon sinks, and need further intensive investigation in the future. 相似文献