BOOK REVIEWS     

《The Professional geographer》1983,35(2):230-260

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .  相似文献   

基于微观结构重塑的非饱和冻土导热系数预测     

黄献文  姚直书  蔡海兵  李凯奇  唐楚轩 《岩土力学》2023,44(1):193-205

为预测非饱和冻土的导热性能,基于土体微观结构,提出了非饱和冻土特征结构识别算法和多元素生成算法,并将该算法与传统有限单元法组合,建立非饱和冻土导热系数蒙特卡洛预测模型。通过土体SEM电镜图像,采用逆向四参数增长识别法识别土体中各组分含量、大小以及各方向分布概率;改进传统的四参数随机增长法,提出了考虑土、水、冰和气的多元素生成算法;基于生成的非饱和冻土模型,通过蒙特卡洛方法获得非饱和冻土导热系数,并与规范中冻土导热系数进行对比,验证了蒙特卡洛法预测模型的合理性（平均误差<4%）;通过多因素分析研究孔隙率、颗粒大小、土体导热性、饱和度以及结冰率对非饱和冻土导热性影响,各因素与导热系数的相关系数依次为：-0.352、-0.098、0.641、0.520和0.060,影响大小为：土颗粒导热性>饱和度>孔隙率>土颗粒大小>结冰率。各影响因素对非饱和冻土导热系数影响可以归纳为对热通量形成“热链”密度、宽度、连通性、热流承载力以及对“热桥”通量的影响。  相似文献   

南宁市郊周边农田土壤-农作物系统重金属元素迁移特征及其影响因素   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

李杰  朱立新  康志强 《中国岩溶》2018,37(1):43-52

通过采集南宁市郊农田中玉米、蔬菜、水稻可食部分及其根系土150组,研究重金属元素在不同土壤-农作物系统中迁移特征及其影响因素,结果表明:根系土中Hg、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn平均含量分别为0.116、0.202、56.76、22.12、14.49、25.18和56.28 mg·kg-1。农作物对应平均含量分别为0.001 1、0.037、0.054、1.153、0.205、0.011和9.37 mg·kg-1。根系土富集因子表明Cd受到不同程度人为活动影响,Cr和Ni主要受地质背景控制;不同作物系统元素富集因子表明Pb在土壤-农作物系统中迁移能力最低,Zn迁移能力最强。Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn在土壤-水稻系统重迁移能力显著高于蔬菜和玉米。根系土中pH、CaO、有机质、Fe2O3、K2O、MgO与重金生物富集系数呈显著性负相关,但在土壤-叶类蔬菜系统中根系土中K2O、MgO与Hg生物富集系数呈显著正相关。   相似文献   

Significance of molecular-level behaviour incorporation in the constitutive models of expansive clays – a review     

H. R. Ahmed  S. Abduljauwad 《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2018,13(2):115-138

Expansive clays are widely prevalent all over the world as one of the most problematic soils. These soils undergo significant volume change with a change in the moisture regime, thereby posing problems to the stability of the structures founded on such strata. Efforts have been made to model the erratic behaviour of these soils at the macro, micro, and, to a lesser extent, nano levels. Micro and nano level fabrics, believed to have a central role in the overall behaviour of expansive clays, are only partially considered in the modelling concepts; natural clay fabrics with multiple clay minerals, silt and sand inclusions, micro fissures, cementation, overconsolidation, induration and other such features have never been considered. This paper covers a review of deficiencies in the existing constitutive models for the expansive characteristics of the natural clayey soils at macro, micro and nano levels. These shortcomings are discussed in the light of the understanding of the fundamentals including fabric and structure controlling the swelling mechanism of the expansive clayey soils at the molecular level. Finally, a framework based on authors’ work to incorporate molecular level behaviour in the constitutive modelling of expansive clays is presented.  相似文献   

Adaptation of an existing constitutive model for describing mechanical behaviour of cemented granular soils     

M. H. Bathayian & M. Maleki 《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2018,13(3):184-197

In this paper, an existing elastoplastic constitutive model, originally developed for granular soils, is adapted to describe the stress–strain behaviour of cemented granular soils. The existing model (CJS), due to its modular formulation, can be easily developed to take into account different supplementary behavioural aspects in soil mechanics. In the present study, the failure mechanism of the CJS model is modified by introducing the essential aspects in the behaviour of cemented granular soils in its formulation. All of the model parameters have clear physical meaning and can be identified using classical laboratory tests. A set of direct relations between model parameters and famous mechanical parameters of soils such as internal friction angle and cohesion at peak and residual states is presented. In order to validate the model, the results of triaxial and uniaxial tests in the compression and extension performed on cemented granular materials are used. The validation results indicate the good capability of the proposed model.  相似文献   

塔城地区1960-2018年季节性冻土的变化特征及影响因子分析     

井立红  高婧  秦榕  井立军  董海英  刘桂英  王金辉  阿来依?艾丁 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2019,13(3):88-93

利用1960-2018年塔城地区9个气象观测站冻土深度及同期气温观测资料,采用数理统计方法分析了其分布状况、变化特征及其与气象因子的关系,结果表明：近59a塔城地区最大冻土深度均在120cm以上,大值区主要分布在中部、南部及托里,冻结初日最早出现于9月上旬,最晚结束于5月中旬;年最大冻土深度除额敏以4.00cm/10a的速率显著增多外,其余各站均表现为减少趋势,其中克拉玛依减幅最大;月际变化中1月、2月、5月、9月、10月仅个别站表现为增多趋势,其余站表现为减少趋势,而3月、4月、11月、12月9站均表现为一致的减少趋势;塔城地区最大冻土深度年际变异系数均表现为中等变异性,表明其对气候变化的响应较敏感;平均冻土深度年代际变化呈现“浅-深-浅-浅-浅-浅”的变化趋势,从1980年代开始平均冻土深度逐渐变浅;影响最大冻土深度变化的因子主要有年（月）平均气温、平均最低气温及气温日较差。  相似文献   

非饱和冻土水汽迁移与相变过程的光滑粒子法模拟     

杨高升  白冰  姚晓亮  陈佩佩 《岩土力学》2021,(1):291-300

为了研究多年冻土表层的水热分布情况,在非饱和冻土的能量守恒方程和水分迁移的质量控制方程的基础上考虑冰水相变和水汽相变过程,并考虑水汽运移传热及温度势对水汽迁移的影响,建立了非饱和冻土的水-热-汽耦合模型。采用光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particle hydrodynamics,简称SPH)方法可方便地计算它们的演化过程。为此,在计算中先求解能量守恒方程的含冰量及气态水含量,再对未冻水含量和温度场进行求解,从而实现了温度场与水汽场的耦合。在此基础上,模拟计算了第1类热边界条件下半无限空间介质内非稳态温度场、体积含水率及水汽通量的分布情况,并将计算结果与未考虑耦合的解析解进行比较,结果显示水汽耦合的作用不容忽略。最后,针对处于季节性周期温度边界下路基的水热场的分布情况进行计算。研究表明,相比于水-热耦合模型,所建立的水-热-汽耦合模型得到的计算结果更为接近实际监测结果,可很好地揭示非饱和冻土中的水热汽迁移特征及其相变过程。  相似文献   

基于冻融次数-物理时间比拟理论的冻土长期强度预测方法   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张泽  马巍  ROMAN Lidia  MELNIKOV Andrey  杨希  李宏璧 《岩土力学》2021,(1):86-92

冻融作用可以改变土的结构,引起其力学特征的变化,从而影响到冻土工程的稳定性。由于冻融周期的设定不尽相同,因此大量的试验结果不能有效地进行对比分析。另外,对于冻融作用下土体力学特征的预测也成为研究的难点。在冻土遗传蠕变理论的基础上,利用球型模板压入仪作为测试方法,提出了一种冻融次数-物理时间比拟的方法。把冻融周期(次数)转化成物理时间(min),将不同冻融周期土的长期强度曲线簇映射到同一坐标中,利用该归一化曲线进行长期抗剪强度的预测,并选取了两种土样进行了测试,分别得到了相关的长期抗剪强度的预测方程。该方法对冻融作用下土体力学行为的成果对比研究以及长期强度的预测有重要的理论意义,对寒区工程稳定性预测分析也具有工程实践价值。  相似文献   

月球极区冻结模拟月壤物理力学特性研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

何成旦  李亚胜  温智  王永瑞  张霄  金龙  殷子涵  权素君 《冰川冻土》2021,43(6):1773-1781

近年来越来越多的探测结果表明,月球极区永久阴影区月壤中存在水冰。水是人类赖以生存的化学物质,也是理解月球独特的形成与演化过程的关键环节。因此,各航天大国均将月球极区作为探月工程的重要目标。冻结月壤的导热系数和单轴抗压强度是月球极区原位探测取样的基础和关键参数。本研究采用低温试验研究了冻结模拟月壤的导热系数和单轴抗压强度。结果表明：冻结模拟月壤导热系数随含水率增大而线性增大,冻结模拟月壤的导热系数为0.2~1.3 W?m^-1?K^-1。冻结模拟月壤单轴压缩过程中发生脆性破坏,5%含水率冻结模拟月壤单轴抗压强度约为5 MPa,10%含水率冻结模拟月壤单轴抗压强度约为13 MPa。在初始加载阶段,干密度相同、含水率不同的冻结模拟月壤试样因微裂纹压密导致的应变量基本相同;在线弹性阶段,冻结模拟月壤有效弹性模量随含水率增大而增大,其主要原因是含水率增大使得月壤颗粒间的冻结强度增大;在破坏阶段,含水率较高的冻结模拟月壤表现出脆性破坏特征,含水率较低的冻结模拟月壤表现出更显著的塑性特征。研究结果将为月球永久阴影区水冰探测方案制定、探测器研制等提供基础的科学数据支撑。  相似文献   

截齿滚动掘进冻土过程的影响因素数值模拟研究     

张将令  李小二  陈新明  焦华喆  李振华 《冰川冻土》2022,44(1):229-240

为了解决竖井冻土开挖难度大、人工挖掘效率低的问题,研究发明了一种新型重力式竖井掘进机,该掘进机利用截齿连续滚动向下、行走式掘进冻土,在竖井冻土掘进中具有较好的适应性,而截齿侵入深度是影响掘进冻土效率的重要因素。先采用三维软件建模,通过霍普金森压杆冲击试验,结合HJC压缩损伤模型原始参数,优化得到冻土本构模型参数;再利用有限元分析软件耦合,模拟截齿在不同侵入深度下滚动掘进冻土,得到冻土在不同凹陷破坏深度下的截齿三向力、冻土应力和应变的变化规律,便于直观研究截齿掘进冻土过程,寻求最优截齿侵入深度。仿真结果表明：随着截齿侵入深度增加,截齿三向力变大,冻土凹陷面积扩大,冻土应力向下无边界扩展递减;冻土与截齿接触区域应力、应变最大,远离截齿作用时冻土区域的应力、应变逐渐递减,其变化规律与截齿连续滚动掘进冻土特征相关;当冻土单轴抗压强度为9 MPa时,截齿滚动掘进冻土过程存在最优截齿侵入深度,为4 cm,此时冻土破坏特征明显,截齿滚动掘进冻土效率最高且能耗低。  相似文献