Analysis of sediment stability on the Peru‐Chile continental slope     

William H. Busch  George H. Keller 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(2):181-211

Abstract

Potential sediment mass movement was analyzed at ten locations on the continental slope off Peru and northern Chile, using samples obtained from up to 3 m below the seafloor. Shear strength parameters were obtained from consolidated‐undrained triaxial compression tests. Sediment behavior in these tests reflects the influence of organic matter, which is concentrated in the slope deposits by coastal upwelling. High water content of the organic‐rich sediments and the high de‐formability of organic matter contribute to the prevalent ductile behavior. Aggregation of clays by organic matter is apparently responsible for the high friction angles, up to 44°, displayed by the slope deposits. Sediment stability was assessed using infinite slope analyses. These analyses indicate that gravitational forces alone are not sufficient to cause sediment failure at any of the slope locations. Sediment accumulation on the slope is not rapid enough to generate excess pore pressure and reduce the resistance to gravitational sliding. Effects of earthquakes on slope stability were evaluated by modeling earthquake‐induced inertia forces as static forces and estimating pore pressures developed during cyclic loading. This analysis shows that sediments of the lower slope off Peru possess the highest susceptibility to failure during earthquakes. Earthquake accelerations on the order of 0.2 gravity are sufficient to trigger slumping at all ten slope locations. Indirect evidence suggests that creep and mass flows initiated at shallower water depths are factors that might contribute to sediment failure on the slope.  相似文献   

围压对粉质粘土动力学参数影响的共振柱试验研究     

罗飞  朱占元  田永丁  蔡聪  莫青城 《地震学刊》2014,(1):119-123

土的最大动剪切模量、剪应变幅和阻尼比是对土层进行动力反应分析的重要力学参数。利用英国GDS公司生产的RCA共振柱仪,研究围压对都江堰地区粉质粘土的上述动力学参数的影响。研究表明：相同围压条件下,最大动剪切模量、剪应变幅和阻尼比随重复次数基本不变,表明该试验过程具有可重复性;最大动剪切模量、剪应变幅和阻尼比均受围压影响较大,随着围压的增大,最大动剪切模量和阻尼比均逐渐增大,而剪应变幅随着围压的增大逐渐减小。据此,建立了都江堰地区粉质粘土动力学参数随围压变化的经验公式。本研究可为土层地震动力反应分析提供参考并积累基础资料。  相似文献   

龙须菜配子体发育和不同品系四分孢子体四分孢子形成过程显微结构观察     

米萍  隋正红  阙州  周伟  商二磊 《海洋学报》2017,39(8):99-114

龙须菜配子体和四分孢子体在生殖结构的形成和发育的过程中,出现一系列的细胞形态和结构层面的变化。本实验以龙须菜雌雄配子体和不同品系龙须菜四分孢子体为实验材料,采用连续徒手切片的方法,观察龙须菜配子体发育和不同品系四分孢子体四分孢子形成过程。观察到,雌雄配子体发育经过幼苗期、毛细胞期、性成熟期,幼苗期和毛细胞期雌雄配子体间无明显差异,进入性成熟期后,产生生殖结构时才能将其区分开。四分孢子起源于四分孢子体表皮层细胞,初始为鲜红色直径约5~10 μm的细胞,逐渐生长形成成熟的直径约20~25 μm的四分孢子囊,并分裂为4个四分孢子聚集在四分孢子囊中,在藻体外,四分孢子释放变形成球形,龙须菜四分孢子的形成和发育过程伴随着髓部细胞中红藻淀粉颗粒的减少。其中"981"龙须菜形成较多的畸形四分孢子,可能是其表现低育的一个原因。龙须菜自基部到尖端的表皮层细胞层数、髓部细胞数目和体积均发生连续的变化。细胞连接广泛存在于龙须菜表皮层、皮层和髓部细胞之间,但各层细胞连接大小、数目、长度等都存在差异。释放的四分孢子可能会附着在四分孢子体上,固着器覆盖包绕四分孢子体甚至侵入到破损有伤口的四分孢子体内,形成四分孢子体和配子体在同一株上的世代混杂现象,这也可能是导致龙须菜表现遗传复杂性的原因。  相似文献   

Laboratory measurements of ‘porosity‐free’ intrinsic Vp and Vs in an olivine gabbro of the Oman ophiolite: Implication for interpretation of the seismic structure of lower oceanic crust          下载免费PDF全文

Satoshi Saito  Masahiro Ishikawa  Makoto Arima  Yoshiyuki Tatsumi 《Island Arc》2015,24(2):131-144

In order to determine ‘porosity‐free’ intrinsic ultrasonic compressional (Vp) and shear wave (Vs) velocities and Vp/Vs of an olivine gabbro from the Oman ophiolite, we developed a new experimental system using a piston‐cylinder type high‐pressure apparatus. The new system allowed us to measure velocities at pressures ranging from 0.20 to 1.00 GPa and at temperatures up to 300°C for Vp and 400°C for Vs. At room temperature, the Vp and Vp/Vs increase rapidly with pressure up to 0.40 GPa, while between 0.45 and 1.00 GPa the increase is more gradual. The change in increasing rate is attributed to closure of porosity at pressures above 0.45 GPa. Based on the linear regression of data obtained at higher pressures (0.45–1.00 GPa) and extrapolation to the lower pressures, combined with temperature derivatives of velocities of the sample measured at 1.00 GPa, we determined the intrinsic Vp and Vs of the sample as a function of pressure (P, in GPa) and temperature (T, in °C). The intrinsic velocities can be expressed as Vp (km/s) = 7.004 + 0.096 × P ? 0.00015 × T, and Vs (km/s) = 3.827 + 0.007 × P ? 0.00008 × T. We evaluated the intrinsic Vp and Vs of the olivine gabbro at oceanic crustal conditions and compared them with a velocity depth‐profile of the borehole seismic observatory WP‐2 area in the northwestern Pacific Basin. Although the intrinsic Vp (～7.0 km/s) and Vs (～3.8 km/s) for the olivine gabbro studied are comparable to those of seismic layer 3 in the WP‐2 area, the estimated vertical gradients of intrinsic velocities are significantly smaller than those reported from layer 3. These results suggest that velocity profiles of layer 3 in the WP‐2 area may reflect the presence of a minor porosity in lower oceanic crust, which closes with increasing depth and/or continuous changes in mineralogy of layer 3 rocks.  相似文献   

Stick-slip behavior of Indian gabbro as studied using a NIED large-scale biaxial friction apparatus     

Tetsuhiro Togo  Toshihiko Shimamoto  Futoshi Yamashita  Eiichi Fukuyama  Kazuo Mizoguchi  Yumi Urata 《地震科学（英文版）》2015,28(2):97-118

This paper reports stick-slip behaviors of Indian gabbro as studied using a new large-scale biaxial friction apparatus, built in the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED), Tsukuba, Japan. The apparatus consists of the existing shaking table as the shear-loading device up to 3, 600 kN, the main frame for holding two large rectangular prismatic specimens with a sliding area of 0.75 m² and for applying normal stresses σ_n up to 1.33 MPa, and a reaction force unit holding the stationary specimen to the ground. The shaking table can produce loading rates v up to 1.0 m/s, accelerations up to 9.4 m/s², and displacements d up to 0.44 m, using four servocontrolled actuators. We report results from eight preliminary experiments conducted with room humidity on the same gabbro specimens at v = 0.1-100 mm/s and σ_n = 0.66-1.33 MPa, and with d of about 0.39 m. The peak and steady-state friction coefficients were about 0.8 and 0.6, respectively, consistent with the Byerlee friction. The axial force drop or shear stress drop during an abrupt slip is linearly proportional to the amount of displacement, and the slope of this relationship determines the stiffness of the apparatus as 1.15×10⁸ N/m or 153 MPa/m for the specimens we used. This low stiffness makes fault motion very unstable and the overshooting of shear stress to a negative value was recognized in some violent stick-slip events. An abrupt slip occurred in a constant rise time of 16-18 ms despite wide variation of the stress drop, and an average velocity during an abrupt slip is linearly proportional to the stress drop. The use of a large-scale shaking table has a great potential in increasing the slip rate and total displacement in biaxial friction experiments with large specimens.  相似文献   

一种伺服液压加载双室三轴仪的研制与开发     

邵生俊  褚峰  陆嫄  李玮峰 《岩土力学》2015,36(Z1):691-696

三轴试验是土力学领域控制试样固结条件和加载剪切排水条件测试土的强度、变形特性参数的常用试验,也是研究土的强度及本构关系的重要手段。针对国产三轴试验中分别通过压力室体积变化和密封轴向传力杆量测试样应变和轴向荷载的不足,研制了试样的双室压力室,3组独立的伺服步进电机驱动液压缸活塞的液压体变控制器,开发了能够控制不同加载方式、加载或变形速率的自动控制系统和计算控制程序及操作界面。双室压力室的内外腔各自由一组伺服步进电机驱动液压缸活塞的液压体变控制器施加与固结围压相同的液压;试样上端部轴向传力轴固定于压力室顶部,且连接荷载传感器量测试样承受的轴向荷载,试样下端部承受竖向加载轴作用,且与压力室底座密封,竖向加载轴的荷载由一组独立的伺服步进电机驱动液压缸活塞的液压体变控制器控制竖向加载轴下端连接的液压缸加载。该仪器能够自动量测轴向荷载、轴向变形、试样外体变、试验孔隙水压力、压力室内外腔压力。试验验证表明,该仪器系统性能稳定,提高了量测精度,具有构造简单、操作简便、自动化程度高、生产成本低等特点。  相似文献   

Characteristics of Excess Pore Water Pressure of Nanjing Saturated Fine Sand Under the Interaction of Wave and Earthquake Loading     

Hua Pan  Guo-Xing Chen  Tian Sun  Qing-Xing Hu 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(1):32-51

A stress path with continuous rotation of the principal stress direction and continuous alteration of amplitude of deviatoric stress difference under the interaction of wave and earthquake loading was proposed based on the characteristics of the stress path under wave and earthquake loading, respectively. Using a GDS dynamic hollow cylinder apparatus, a series of cyclic triaxial-torsional coupling shear tests were performed on Nanjing saturated fine sand via the stress path mentioned previously under different relative densities, effective initial confining pressures, plastic fines contents, and loading frequencies to study the development of excess pore water pressure (EPWP) of saturated sand under the interaction of wave and earthquake loading. It was found that the development of EPWP follows the trend of fast-steady-mutative-drastic, which is different from that under the cyclic triaxial test or wave loading. The number of cycles causing initial liquefaction (N_L) of saturated sand increases remarkably with relative densities. However, the relationships between N_L and effective initial confining pressures, plastic fines content, or loading frequencies are more complex.  相似文献   

西秦岭台乌龙一带晚三叠世华日组火山机构及演化          下载免费PDF全文

李康宁 《甘肃地质》2017,26(4):10-17

西秦岭地区的构造演化是许多地质学家普遍关注的问题。三叠纪以来西秦岭发生了复杂的俯冲碰撞造山作用,这一时期发育的火山岩,便是这一地质事件的重要记录。本文选取西秦岭甘青交界处台乌龙一带华日组火山岩为研究对象,运用"火山旋回—火山构造—火山地层—岩性岩相"的火山岩区填图方法,在华日组火山岩中识别出喷溢相、爆发相、侵出相、喷发—沉积相、火山通道相和次火山岩相等6个岩相;台乌龙层状火山机构、色日欠破火山机构等11个火山机构;两个组合样式(台乌龙—年支北串珠式组合、下毛娘北—色日欠镶嵌式组合);划分出1个火山喷发旋回,3个亚旋回。较合理地建立起地层层序、岩相相序和演化模式。华日组火山岩的出现标志着西秦岭地区在晚三叠世已进入陆相演化阶段。  相似文献   

真三轴条件下原状黄土的非线性本构模型     

方瑾瑾  冯以鑫 《岩土力学》2019,40(2):517-528

为了研究复杂应力条件下非饱和原状黄土的非线性本构模型,通过考虑真三轴条件下中主应力和吸力对大主应变的影响,提出了一个考虑中主应力影响的非饱和原状黄土的非线性本构模型。该模型包含12个参数,均可由常含水率非饱和土真三轴试验确定。研究了中主应力对土体变形和强度的影响,探讨了模型参数的变化规律。初始吸力一定时,土体的黏聚力随着中主应力的增大而增大,而内摩擦角随着中主应力的增大呈线性减小趋势。当吸力小于162 kPa时,吸力摩擦角等于21.8°;当吸力大于162 kPa时,吸力摩擦角等于5.5°。初始吸力相同时,不同中主应力条件下土体的体积模量可取为常数。利用该模型预估了常含水率真三轴等向固结试验的吸力变化规律,理论结果与试验结果比较接近。但是对于真三轴剪切试验吸力的预估还需要进行深入探讨。  相似文献   

聊城水化站数字化仪器的安装、运行及评价     

陈绍光  陈其锋 《华北地震科学》2001,19(1):60-63

介绍了仪器安装前的基础改造工作以及仪器运行状况。实践证明，搞好基础技术改造，创造良好的工作环境是提高仪器观测精度和抗干扰能力的重要举措。  相似文献