中国北方地区风力因子空间特征分析     

杨佰义  李程程 《测绘与空间地理信息》2016,(12):26-29

中国北方大多数地区遭受着严重的风力侵蚀,风力侵蚀可导致土壤中有机物流失、土壤肥力下降,最终会导致土地荒漠化。中国北方地区风力侵蚀问题日益突出,由此带来的扬沙天气、沙尘暴等灾害天气增多,给人们的生产生活带来许多的不利,并且严重影响人们的身体健康。从影响风蚀区地表景观的风力方面出发,利用全国209个气象站2001~2011年全年的某一风速等级累计时数,借助GIS技术,生成中国北方风蚀区地表大于5 m/s的风速年累计时数空间分布图和冬春季节累计时数空间分布图,研究中国北方风蚀区风力侵蚀因子参数特征。同时,在分析扬沙风速年累计时数空间分布及时间变化基础上探讨与风蚀景观空间分布和时间变化关系,提出防治风蚀区风力侵蚀的措施。这一研究对于北方风蚀区防治沙尘暴等灾害天气,防灾减灾、减少灾害带来的损失,具有重要的意义。  相似文献   

河北省海岸侵蚀动态及成因机制研究     

刘有才  左丽明  李战 《城市地质》2016,(2):43-47

河北省沙质岸滩存在海岸侵蚀现象,对沙滩旅游、海滩工程建设造成严重威胁,制约河北省海洋经济社会发展。海岸侵蚀监测结果显示,区域海滩滩面受波浪、潮流影响较大,时冲时淤,摆动频繁,沙质岸滩整体处于侵蚀状态,各区段蚀淤情况有所差异,高潮线以上有所淤高,海滩坡度开始变陡,呈下蚀状态。海岸侵蚀灾害已引起沙滩沙质粗化、滩肩变窄、滩坡变陡及基岩裸露比率增多等问题。针对这一突出问题,通过定点测量与遥感监测相结合的方式,研究了河北省海岸线动态演变特征,经计算,河北省各侵蚀岸段海岸侵蚀速率达1.0~4.0m/a,单宽体积侵蚀量-1.42~-19.08m~3/m·a。综合分析显示,人类海岸工程建设、区域海洋水文条件及输砂量减少,是河北省发生海岸侵蚀发生的主要原因。  相似文献   

巴丹吉林沙漠沙山区径流与地下水补给条件   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

马延东  赵景波  罗小庆  邵天杰  岳大鹏  周旗 《地理学报》2016,71(3):433-448

在全球高差最大的巴丹吉林沙漠沙山斜坡上发现了沙漠区罕见的因大气降水而产生的地表超渗径流,地表径流侵蚀,缓渗径流及因地下径流出露而产生的地表径流--风沙混合物理沉积与化学沉积(次生盐).根据电镜观察,能谱分析,化学分析和粒度分析等资料,研究了径流化学沉积物的矿物和化学组成,风积沙和径流--风沙混合物理沉积物的粒度组成,径流类型及沙山区水分平衡,降水对地下水与湖水的补给机制.超渗径流的出现表明,虽然该区降水量少,但存在能够为地下水提供补给来源的较强有效降雨过程.径流,径流--风沙混合物理沉积和化学沉积等六项科学指标从深层次上充分证明,该区降水通过入渗至少达到了沙山的下部,完全能够对地下水构成有效补给.细粒层相对的隔水性是该区地下径流出露于地表的原因.沙山区确实存在令人惊奇的水分正平衡,即在大气降水在经过蒸发和蒸腾等消耗之后,每年还有约134648.4 t/km²水补给了地下水和湖水,成为湖水的重要补给来源之一.沙山区能够产生有效降水,植被稀少蒸腾量少,沙层入渗率高和沙层受蒸发影响深度很小是该区水分出现正平衡和大气降水能够补给地下水的四个条件,也是导致该沙漠区有众多湖泊发育的主要条件.  相似文献   

Exploring the potential of perennial crops in reducing soil erosion: A GIS-based scenario analysis in southern Tuscany,Italy     

《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2016

Preserving soils is a major challenge in ensuring sustainable agriculture for the future. Soil erosion by water is a critical issue in the Mediterranean regions and usually occurs when high-erosive precipitation is in temporal association with poor vegetation cover and density. Modelling soil erosion risks over large spatial scales suffers from the scarcity of accurate information on land cover, rainfall erosivity and their intra-annual dynamics. We estimated the soil erosion risk on arable land in a Mediterranean area (Grosseto Province, southern Tuscany, Italy) and investigated its potential reduction as a response to the change in intra-annual distribution of land cover due to the increase of perennial forage crops. A GIS-based (R)USLE model was employed and a scenario analysis was performed by setting criteria for raising the performance of perennial forage crops. Statistical data on agricultural crops provided an insight into current intra-annual land cover dynamics. Rainfall erosivity was computed on the basis of 22-year hourly precipitation data. The model was used to: i) quantify the potential soil losses of arable land in the study area, ii) identify those areas highly affected by erosion risks iii) explore the potential for soil conservation of perennial crops, thereby enabling appropriate preventive measures to be identified. The erosion rates, averaged over an area of about 140’000 ha, are estimated to 33.42 Mg ha⁻¹ y⁻¹. More than 59% of the study area was subjected to soil losses higher than 11 Mg ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ (from moderate to severe erosion) and the highest rates are estimated for steep inland areas. Arable land with severe soil erosion rates (higher than 33 Mg ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) represent about 35% of the whole study area. The risk of soil loss by water erosion in the study area is estimated to be reduced on average by 36% if perennial crops are increased in terms of 35% of the total arable land. The soil erosion data produced compared well with the published local and regional data. This study thus provides useful preliminary information for landscape planning authorities and can be used as a decision support tool in quantifying the implications of management policies.  相似文献   

近景摄影测量在土壤侵蚀监测中的应用   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

宋月君  黄炎和  杨洁  段剑  沈乐 《测绘科学》2016,41(6):80-83,96

针对当前近景摄影测量技术对影像采集设备以及操作人员专业性要求高的特点,该文在总结前人研究的基础上,提出了一种基于普通数码相机的近景摄影测量技术方法,并将其应用于微区土壤侵蚀监测试验中。通过该方法在人工水冲试验和天然降雨试验前后的土壤侵蚀动态监测得到:与传统土壤侵蚀监测方法相比,采用该方法测得的土壤侵蚀量精度分别可以达到75%和83.11%,单次测量精度最高可达94.33%。通过分析误差来源,结果表明:在一定条件下,可以实现基于普通数码相机的近景摄影测量技术在生产建设项目土壤侵蚀监测中的应用。  相似文献   

埕岛油田海域波—底相互作用     

李陆平  廖启煜  孔祥德 《海岸工程》1997,(4)

基于1976，1993年埕岛油田海域测深资料，应用HISWA浅水海浪数值计算模式，研究风暴浪入侵该海域导致的波-底相互作用后果。数值计算结果表明，海区固定点海底冲刷导致波场强化；波参数增量与冲刷深度有关；海底水质点轨道流速峰值，底摩擦耗散峰值及临界波高值相对水深分布均表明，该海域深水区海底冲刷将减弱，浅水区海底冲刷将加强。  相似文献   

Effect of Internal Flow on Vortex-Induced Vibration of Submarine Free Spanning Pipelines     

娄敏 丁坚郭海燕  董晓林 《中国海洋工程》2005,19(1):147-154

At present, most researches on the vortex-induced vibration of submarine free spanning pipelines ignore the effect of internal flowing fluid; furthermore, there are no research reports considering the coupling effect of internal and external fluid with the free span. In this paper, combining Iwan‘s wake oscillator model with the differential equation derived for the dynamic response of submarine free spanning pipelines with inclusion of internal flow, the pipe-fluid coupling equations are developed to investigate the effect of internal flow on the vortex-induced vibration of the free spans. The finite dement approximation is implemented to derive the matrix equations of equilibrium. The Newmark method combined with simple iteration is used to solve the system of equations. The results indicate that the internal fluid flow may cause the shift of resonance band to the lower frequency and a slight decrease in the peak value; the effect will be mare pronounced with the increase of the span length and can be weakened in the presence of the axial tension.  相似文献   

黄河三角洲埕北海区泥沙冲淤分析     

孙效功  杨作升  陈彰榕 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》1993,(Z1)

利用多期水深数据,对黄河三角洲埕北海区的泥沙冲淤量及冲淤面积进行分时段计算,绘制相应的冲淤等值线图和冲淤立体图。分析该海域泥沙冲淤的规律。  相似文献   

Identifying storm impacts on an embayed, high-energy coastline: examples from western Ireland   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J. A. G. Cooper  D. W. T. Jackson  F. Navas  J. McKenna  G. Malvarez 《Marine Geology》2004,210(1-4):261-280

Large sections of the western Irish coast are characterised by a highly compartmentalised series of headland-embayment cells in which sand and gravel beaches are backed by large vegetated dune systems. Exposure to modally high-energy swell renders most of these beaches dissipative in character. A mesotidal range (c. 3.5–4.5 m) exists along much of the coast. Analysis of instrumental wind records from three locations permitted the identification of a variety of storm types and the construction of storm catalogues. Few individual storms were recorded at all three stations indicating a lack of regional consistency in storm record. Of the total storms recorded, only a small percentage are potentially damaging (onshore directed) and even fewer span a high tide and thus potentially induce a measurable morphological response at the coast.

Through a combination of historical records, meteorological records, field observations and wave modelling we attempt to assess the impact of storms. Quantifiable records of coastal morphology (maps, air photos and beach profiles) are few in number and do not generally record responses that may be definitely attributed to specific storms. Numerical wave simulations and observations at a variety of sites on the west Irish coast, however, provide insights into instantaneous and medium term (decadal) storm responses in such systems.

We argue that beaches and dunes that are attuned to modally high-energy regimes require extreme storms to cause significant morphological impact. The varying orientation of beaches, a spatially nonuniform storm catalogue and the need for a storm to occur at high water to produce measurable change, impart site-specific storm susceptibility to these embayments. Furthermore, we argue that long-period wave energy attenuation across dissipative shorefaces and beaches reduces coastal response to distant storms whereas short-period, locally generated wind waves are more likely to cause major dune and beach erosion as they arrive at the shoreline unrefracted.

This apparently variable response of beach and dune systems to storm forcing at a decadal scale over a coastline length of 200 km urges caution in generalising regarding regional-scale coastal responses to climatic change.  相似文献   

黄河三角洲洪、枯季泥沙冲淤的数值模拟   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

李谊纯  孙效功  李瑞杰  吕丹梅 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2003,33(2):281-286

本文针对黄河三角洲海岸潮间带广阔、黄河入海水沙变化剧烈、近岸及河口区水动力条件复杂的特点 ,建立了 1个潮流作用下的平面二维动边界全沙数学模型。动边界的处理采用窄缝法 ,并利用此模型对黄河三角洲洪、枯季时悬沙分布以及底床的冲淤进行了数值模拟 ,进而据此探讨了黄河三角洲洪、枯季的冲淤变化规律。  相似文献