Pedodiversity: a controversial concept     

CHEN Jie  ZHANG Xue-lei  GONG Zi-tong  WANG Jun 《地理学报》2001,11(1):110-116

The concept of pedodiversity and its measurement methodology proposed and developed by Ibá?ez research term is introduced. An attempt to apply pedodiversity to analyze spatial soil variation and distribution patterns on the global scale is briefly demonstrated. Furthermore, constructive comments and criticisms on pedodiversity and its measurement from the noted pedologists and ecologists are outlined. Finally, potential applications of pedodiversity in soil science and other relevant disciplines are discussed.  相似文献   

Rapid formation of rock varnish and other rock coatings on slag deposits near Fontana,California     

Ronald I. Dorn  Norman Meek 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1995,20(6):547-560

Manganiferous rock varnish, silica glaze and iron skins have formed on 20- to 40-year-old slag piles near Fontana, southern California. Rapid rock-varnish formation is associated with an unidentified cocci bacterium that grows rapidly in culturing experiments, combined with the likelihood that Mn-rich solutions flow over slag surfaces. A new model is proposed for the formation of silica glaze, involving soluble Al-Si complexes and the nature of wetting films. Iron skins occur where runoff is concentrated, and where iron bacteria grow. Observations indicate: (i) substrate can be important in supplying Mn, as well as maintaining a stable surface and channelling runoff to microspots where varnish grows; (ii) ignorance of boundary layer pH/Eh conditions makes chemical-physical models of varnish formation speculative; (iii) the balance between cementation of recently nucleated varnishes and erosional shear stresses is poorly understood, but is probably an important limiting factor on varnish growth rates; and (iv) there must be at least two steps in biotic varnishing-accretion of Mn-Fe in casts, followed by cementation of clays by either in situ cast residue or Mn-Fe remobilized from casts. Varnish accretion may be limited by the rate at which both steps occur. Rapid development of readily distinguishable manganiferous rock varnishes at this post-1952 site highlights the danger of speculation on the ages of landforms based solely on the appearance of rock-varnish coatings.  相似文献   

Modelling of the nighttime nitrogen and sulfur chemistry in size resolved droplets of an orographic cloud     

Rolf Sander  Jos Lelieveld  Paul J. Crutzen 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1995,20(1):89-116

A chemistry module has been incorporated into a Lagrangian type model that computes the dynamics and microphysics of an orographical cloud formed in moist air flowing over the summit of Great Dun Fell (GDF) in England. The cloud droplets grow on a maritime aerosol which is assumed to be an external mixture of sea-salt particles and ammonium-sulfate particles. The dry particle radii are in the range 10 nm<r<1 µm. The gas-phase chemical reaction scheme considers reactions of nitrogen compounds that are important at night. The treatment of scavenging of gases into the aqueous phase in the model takes into account the different solubilities and accommodation coefficients. The chemistry in the aqueous phase focusses on the oxidation of S(IV) via different pathways.Sensitivity analyses have been performed to investigate deviations from gas-liquid equilibria according to Henry's law and also to study the influence of iron and of nitrogen compounds on the aqueous-phase oxidation of dissolved SO₂. When addressing these questions, special attention has been given to the dependence on the droplet size distribution and on the chemical composition of the cloud condensation nuclei on which the droplets have formed. It was found that the oxidation of S(IV) via a chain reaction of sulfur radicals can be important under conditions where H₂O₂ is low. However, major uncertainties remain with respect to the interaction of iron with the radical chain. It was shown that mixing of individual cloud droplets, which are not in equilibrium according to Henry's law, can result in a bulk sample in equilibrium with the ambient air. The dependence of the aqueous-phase concentrations on the size of the cloud droplets is discussed for iron, chloride and NO₃.  相似文献   

打桩施工对附近高压铁塔形变的影响     

刘昌森 《上海国土资源》1995,(3):49-58

近距离内预制桩打桩施工对高压铁塔的形变影响实例甚少，本文仅就普陀区俞赵宪工地的监测成果，提出塔基升降、水平位移、铁塔倾斜等允许许值，可供今后同类工程施工时参考。  相似文献   

雷州半岛硅藻土中的硅藻及其化学成分   总被引：4，自引：5，他引：4  

冯璜  张惠芬 《矿物学报》1995,15(1):29-35,T002

本文论述雷州半岛各硅藻土矿床中的硅藻形态和种属。九斗洋和田洋钻孔样品中硅藻种属随深度而变化，由直链藻到了冠盘藻，直到小环藻。总结了对不同种属硅藻的硅质硬过峭同部位的Ｘ射线能谱成分分析和研究结果。  相似文献   

地球化学模拟及其在水文地质中的应用   总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10  

文冬光  沈照理 《地质科技情报》1995,14(1):99-104

从正向地球化学模拟、反向地球化学模拟和水文地球化学模拟三方面系统概述了地球化学模拟的研究进展；结合笔者近年来的科研实践，对其在水文地质中的应用作了介绍，并着重讨论了地下水化学组分存在形式、矿物饱和指数的计算、水化学组分测量及地下水地球化学演化等方面的应用；最后，指出了这一领域中当前存在的问题和今后的研究方向。  相似文献   

南极陨石研究的启示Ⅴ:南极铁陨石的化学组成及其分类          下载免费PDF全文

王道德  陈永亨 《极地研究》1995,7(1):20-27

报道了５２个南极铁陨石的１３个元素的浓度，并根据其构造和Ｇａ，Ｇｅ，Ｎｉ，Ｉｒ及其它微量元素的含量进行了分类，５２个铁陨石由１６个ＩＡＢ，１２个ＩＡＢ，１个ＩＥ，３个ＩＩＡＢ，１个ＩＩＣＤ，１个ＩＶＡ及１８个未分群的化学群组成。ＩＡＢ，ＩＩＣＤ及ＩＥ为非岩浆成因的铁陨石群，它们是由球粒陨石质母体近表面区冲击产生单独的熔体池形成的，ＩＡＢ，ＩＩＡＢ及ＩＶＡ显示金属岩浆分离结晶作用的特征，为岩浆成因的铁陨石。岩浆群铁陨石元素－Ｎｉ的斜率一般比非岩浆群高。有意思的是在南极回收的５２个铁陨石中，相对于非南极铁陨石ＩＡＢ和未分群的铁陨石丰度较高（分别为２７．８％和４７．２％），而ＩＩＡＢ群的丰度较低（５．８％），它们含有以前未采到样品的母体形成区域、质量、冲击碰撞频率的信息。  相似文献   

S(IV) Autoxidation in Atmospheric Liquid Water: The Role of Fe(II) and the Effect of Oxalate     

Irena Grgićc  Marjeta Pozničc  Mirko Bizjak 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1999,33(1):89-102

The reactivity of dissolved iron compounds towards different pollutants and photooxidants in atmospheric liquid water depends upon the oxidation state and speciation of iron. Our measurements of the oxidation state of dissolved iron eluted from aerosol particles (Dae: 0.4–1.6 m) collected in the urban atmosphere of Ljubljana showed that a large fraction of the iron content is present as Fe(II). The concentration ratio [Fe(II)]/[Fe(III)] varied between 0.9 and 3.1. The kinetics of S(IV) autoxidation catalyzed by Fe(II) under the conditions representative for acidified atmospheric liquid water and the influence of oxalate on this reaction under dark conditions was investigated. The reaction rate is the same if Fe(II) or Fe(III) is used as a catalyst under the condition that Fe(II) can be oxidized in Fe(III), which is the catalytically active species. Oxalate has a strong inhibiting effect on the S(IV) autoxidation in the presence of Fe(II). The reaction is autocatalytic with an induction period, that increases with higher concentrations of oxalate. The inhibiting effect of oxalate differs according to whether iron is initially in the Fe(II) or Fe(III) state. However, in both cases the inhibition by oxalate is a result of the formation of complexes with the catalyst.  相似文献   

Mapping multiple tree species classes using a hierarchical procedure with optimized node variables and thresholds based on high spatial resolution satellite data     

Yaoliang Chen  Shuai Zhao  Zhuli Xie  Erxue Chen 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2020,57(4):526-542

ABSTRACT

Tree species distribution mapping using remotely sensed data has long been an important research area. However, previous studies have rarely established a comprehensive and efficient classification procedure to obtain an accurate result. This study proposes a hierarchical classification procedure with optimized node variables and thresholds to classify tree species based on high spatial resolution satellite imagery. A classification tree structure consisting of parent and leaf nodes was designed based on user experience and visual interpretation. Spectral, textural, and topographic variables were extracted based on pre-segmented images. The random forest algorithm was used to select variables by ranking the impact of all variables. An iterating approach was used to optimize variables and thresholds in each loop by comprehensively considering the test accuracy and selected variables. The threshold range for each selected variable was determined by a statistical method considering the mean and standard deviation for two subnode types at each parent node. Classification of tree species was implemented using the optimized variables and thresholds. The results show that (1) the proposed procedure can accurately map the tree species distribution, with an overall accuracy of over 86% for both training and test stages; (2) critical variables for each class can be identified using this proposed procedure, and optimal variables of most tree plantation nodes are spectra related; (3) the overall forest classification accuracy using the proposed method is more accurate than that using the random forest (RF) and classification and regression tree (CART). The proposed approach provides results with 3.21% and 7.56% higher overall land cover classification accuracy and 4.68% and 10.28% higher overall forest classification accuracy than RF and CART, respectively.  相似文献   

Field observations on the production of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss) under high concentrations of water-borne iron     

W. Steffens  Th. Mattheis  M. Riedel 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1993,55(3):173-178

Effluents from brown coal mines are frequently rich in iron, the water being red-brown in colour and turbid. For several years a fish farm in the Lusatia (Brandenburg, Germany) has used such mine effluents for rearing rainbow trout. The total iron content of this water varies between 5 and 10 mg/l with pH ranging from 6.7 to 7.4. Water turbidity is high with a transparency of 10 to 40 cm at the most due to the substantial ferric hydroxide concentrations. Until 1989 trout have been reared in net cages within concrete settling basins destined for settling the ferric hydroxide mud. The cages were stocked with fingerlings in autumn, reaching portion size in the spring of the following year. Specific growth rate was 0.98% per day, comparable to that of trout in another farm unpolluted by iron but stocked at higher densities. The results show that fingerling rainbow trout may live in water containing more than 5 mg/l total iron but in the absence of Fe²⁺. These concentrations of water-borne iron seem to have only a limited detrimental effect on fish growth and feed conversion and do not prevent trout culture in principle.  相似文献