Regional-scale identification of three-dimensional pattern of vegetation landscapes     

Ranhao Sun  Baiping Zhang  Liding Chen 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2014,24(1):104-112

The altitudinal pattern of vegetation is usually identified by field surveys,however,these can only provide discrete data on a local mountain.Few studies identifying and analyzing the altitudinal vegetation pattern on a regional scale are available.This study selected central Inner Mongolia as the study area,presented a method for extracting vegetation patterns in altitudinal and horizontal directions.The data included a vegetation map at a 1∶1 000 000 scale and a digital elevation model at a 1∶250 000 scale.The three-dimensional vegetation pattern indicated the distribution probability for each vegetation type and the transition zones between different vegetation landscapes.From low to high elevations,there were five vegetation types in the southern mountain flanks,including the montane steppe,broad-leaved forest,coniferous mixed forest,montane dwarf-scrub and sub-alpine shrub-meadow.Correspondingly,only four vegetation types were found in the northern flanks,except for the montane steppe.This study could provide a general model for understanding the complexity and diversity of mountain environment and landscape.  相似文献   

Using a spatial overlap approach to estimate the risk of collisions between deep diving seabirds and tidal stream turbines: A review of potential methods and approaches     

《Marine Policy》2014

It is likely that there will be a substantial increase in the number of tidal stream turbines within the UK over the next decade. However, the ecological impacts upon marine top-predators, including seabirds, remain largely unknown. Although tidal stream turbines could have many direct and indirect impacts upon seabird populations, it is the risk of direct collisions between individuals and moving components that currently causes the most concern. Species such as Auks Alcidae sp., Cormorants Phalacrocorax sp. and Divers Gavia sp. almost certainly face higher risks than others. However, it is likely that they are not equally vulnerable. Part of predicting which are most vulnerable involves the estimation of spatial overlap between their foraging distributions and the location of tidal stream turbines. This paper reviews potential methods and approaches that should help to predict whether a population would: (1) exploit areas suitable for tidal stream turbines, (2) dive near tidal stream turbines within these areas, or (3) dive to depths where moving components are found? Answering these questions in a hierarchical manner (from 1 to 3) could help to predict the extent of spatial overlap for vulnerable populations. These approaches require a fundamental understanding of the mechanistic links between physical conditions, prey characteristics and foraging opportunities. Therefore, multi-disciplinary approaches incorporating methods usually associated with oceanographic and fisheries studies are needed to document physical conditions and prey characteristics over large and small spatial scales. Answering these questions also requires collaborative efforts and a strategic governance approach to collating the wide range of distributional, prey and physical datasets currently being collected.  相似文献   

Decline of traditional landscape in a protected area of the southwestern Alps: The fate of enclosed pasture patches in the land mosaic shift   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Matteo GARBARINO  Emanuele SIBONA  Emanuele LINGUA  Renzo MOTTA 《山地科学学报》2014,11(2):544-554

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Traditional landscape elements such as pasture patches enclosed in a forest matrix are progressively disappearing throughout the European Alps. We assessed the land mosaic shift of a protected area located in the western Italian Alps. In particular, the dynamics of pasture patches were studied at both landscape and stand level. Land-cover mapping through object-oriented analysis of historical aerial photographs was used to assess land-cover changes between 1954 and 2000. Spatial statistics were used to quantify landscape patterns, and field samplings within pasture patches were used to explore tree regeneration structure and composition. Our results showed a significant increase in the number of pasture patches caused by their fragmentation following forest expansion. The total surface area of pasture patches decreased by 43% and their core area decreased by 94%. The encroachment of trees on less accessible areas of the pasture patches caused a reduction of patch shape at landscape scale. The gap filling process started 40-50 years ago and began with an early invasion of light demanding species like sycamore maple （Acer pseudoplatanus L.） and common ash （Fraxinus excelsior L.）, followed by European beech （Fagus sylvatica L.） and secondarily silver fir （Abies alba Mill.）. Traditional land-use and population decline in the Pesio Valley led to a reduction in ecotone areas. A transition to a more homogeneous landscape is expected in the next decades. Given the cultural and productive nature of these mountain meadow-pasture communities, extensive livestock grazing systems could be used to manage their future conservation.  相似文献   

‘The forest is our inheritance’: An introduction to Semai Orang Asli place‐naming and belonging in the Bukit Tapah Forest Reserve     

Karen Heikkilä 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2014,35(3):362-381

The forest realm of the Gòòl‐War watershed of southeast Perak, Malaysia holds much socio‐cultural significance to the Semai Orang Asli communities living along these rivers. Notwithstanding its present‐day location within the Bukit Tapah Forest Reserve, the forest continues to be where Semai conceptions of history and lore are encoded in the geographical particulars of the landscape. A thriving forest‐dependent lifestyle maintains and transmits Semai place knowledge, observed in this research through people's command of ancestral place‐names. This paper provides an introduction to Semai toponymy and considers the implications of indigenous place‐names on the protection of indigenous homelands and ways of life.  相似文献   

基于GIS的丘陵区耕地景观格局时空演变特征分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

杨斌  王金生 《测绘工程》2014,23(9):1-4

以四川省绵阳市涪城区为例,运用景观格局原理与GIS空间分析方法,分析1996--2009年期间耕地景观时空格局及其演变机理（驱动力）。结果表明：13年间,研究区耕地面积呈急剧减少的趋势,变化率明显高于省内丘陵区平均水平;耕地景观空间格局稳定性逐步降低,格局时空变化的地形分异特征显著;变化趋势受坡度、新增建设用地、人口密度、高程、城镇化水平、GDP、起伏度等负向驱动力与灌溉条件、等级公路水平、土地整理程度等正向驱动力因子共同影响。  相似文献   

Broad-scale spatial pattern of forest landscape types in the Guiana Shield     

Valéry Gond  Vincent Freycon  Jean-François Molino  Olivier Brunaux  Florent Ingrassia  Pierre Joubert  Jean-François Pekel  Marie-Françoise Prévost  Viviane Thierron  Pierre-Julien Trombe  Daniel Sabatier 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2011

Detecting broad scale spatial patterns across the South American rainforest biome is still a major challenge. Although several countries do possess their own, more or less detailed land-cover map, these are based on classifications that appear largely discordant from a country to another. Up to now, continental scale remote sensing studies failed to fill this gap. They mostly result in crude representations of the rainforest biome as a single, uniform vegetation class, in contrast with open vegetations. A few studies identified broad scale spatial patterns, but only when they managed to map a particular forest characteristic such as biomass. The main objective of this study is to identify, characterize and map distinct forest landscape types within the evergreen lowland rainforest at the sub-continental scale of the Guiana Shield (north-east tropical South-America 10° North-2° South; 66° West-50° West). This study is based on the analysis of a 1-year daily data set (from January 1st to December 31st, 2000) from the VEGETATION sensor onboard the SPOT-4 satellite (1-km spatial resolution). We interpreted remotely sensed landscape classes (RSLC) from field and high resolution remote sensing data of 21 sites in French Guiana. We cross-analyzed remote sensing data, field observations and environmental data using multivariate analysis. We obtained 33 remotely sensed landscape classes (RSLC) among which five forest-RSLC representing 78% of the forested area. The latter were classified as different broad forest landscape types according to a gradient of canopy openness. Their mapping revealed a new and meaningful broad-scale spatial pattern of forest landscape types. At the scale of the Guiana Shield, we observed a spatial patterns similarity between climatic and forest landscape types. The two most open forest-RSLCs were observed mainly within the north-west to south-east dry belt. The three other forest-RSLCs were observed in wetter and less anthropized areas, particularly in the newly recognized “Guianan dense forest arch”. Better management and conservation policies, as well as improvement of biological and ecological knowledge, require accurate and stable representations of the geographical components of ecosystems. Our results represent a decisive step in this way for the Guiana Shield area and contribute to fill one of the major shortfall in the knowledge of tropical forests.  相似文献   

武汉市土地利用/覆被与景观格局变化特征     

陈刚  郑祥华  邓文胜  王丽亚 《测绘科学》2011,36(6):73-76

武汉市作为武汉城市圈的核心城市,其土地利用/覆被和景观格局变化备受关注。本文基于1991年和2009年Landsat TM影像数据,采用RS、GIS和景观生态学方法,运用土地利用变化模型、土地利用转移矩阵和景观格局分析软件Fragstats3.3,对武汉市近19a的土地利用/覆盖及景观格局变化特征进行了动态研究,结果表明此成果能够为武汉市土地资源的合理开发利用和保护提供参考。  相似文献   

Landscape characterization of Sariska National Park (India) and its surroundings     

JOSHI Pawan Kumar  NARULA Sheena  RAWAT Asha  GHOSH Aniruddha 《地球空间信息科学学报》2011,14(4):303-310

Landscape characterization gives an overall information on the status of Land Use and Land Cover(LULC),changes in its composition and the impact of natural and human influences operating at different spatial and temporal scales.This information can be used to monitor changes in natural forest resources and protected areas,delineate potential conservation areas and can serve in effective management of ecologically fragile landscapes.In the present study,geo-spatial tools were used to characterize the landscape of Sariska National Park and its surroundings.Satellite data was used to prepare LULC maps for 1989 and 2000,change detection analysis and computation of landscape metrics.Climatic data,field records and modeling tools were used to map the po-tential spread of two invasive species,Prosopis juliflora and Adhatoda vasica.The results show that the forest area increased from 1989 to 2000,indicating better management practices.Landscape metrics(PAFRAC,PLADJ and AI)also support this argument.Improvements in the degraded forest can further enhance this effect.The entire reserve however is suitable for the invasion of P.juliflora and A.vasica but is more pronounced in Boswellia serrata and Anogeissus pendula-Acacia catechu(open)forests.A detailed landscape characterization map can help forest managers to make important policy decisions concerning issues such as in-vasive species.  相似文献   

利用遥感数据对单株木和森林场景进行建模     

郭俊  牛铮 《武汉大学学报(信息科学版)》2011,(2):181-184,198

针对遥感在三维可视化方面的不足,提出了用SRTM(航天飞机雷达地形测图任务)和TM(陆地资源卫星专题绘图仪)数据建立森林场景的方法。利用L系统语言和L-studio软件,通过提取的分枝规则建立了针叶树和不同叶面积指数(LAI)落叶树的几何模型,并将其作为森林场景内树木的纹理贴图。实验区的三维地形用四叉树结构建立,综合应用数据分块、动态载入、双缓存数组等措施提高大范围场景的漫游速度。从TM影像获取目视判读的遥感分类图和LAI反演图,结合控制树木的栽种位置和纹理选择,建立了单幅TM影像大小的森林场景。实验为其他遥感数据的三维显示提供了通用的建模方法。  相似文献   

立体晕渲与建模技术在三维景观地图编制上的应用     

黄亚萍  白光平  徐祥根  刘文 《现代测绘》2011,34(6):51-52,59

三维景观地图是当今地图领域发展的一个新趋势。它在运用地图语言表现地图基本内容（如：地图符号、水系和道路）的同时,着重于表现真实的三维地貌特征,真实的建筑物立体效果。三维景观地图配合景观植被的装饰等,力求营造直观的真实场景。  相似文献