Emplacement of the La Peña alkaline igneous complex,Mendoza, Argentina (33° S): Implications for the early Miocene tectonic regime in the retroarc of the Andes     

《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2014

The La Peña alkaline complex (LPC) of Miocene age (18–19 Ma) lies on the eastern front of the Precordillera (32°41ʹ34ʺS, 68°59ʹ48″W, 1400–2900 m a.s.l.), 30 km northwest of Mendoza city, Argentina. It is a subcircular massif of 19 km² and 5 km in diameter, intruded in the metasedimentary sequence of the Villavicencio Formation of Silurian-Devonian age. It is the result of integration of multiple pulses derived from one or more deep magma chambers, which form a suite of silicate rocks grouped into: a clinopyroxenite body, a central syenite facies with a large breccia zone at the contact with the clinopyroxenite, bodies of malignite, trachyte and syenite porphyry necks, and a system of radial and annular dikes of different compositions. Its subcircular geometry and dike system distribution are frequent features of intraplate plutons or plutons emplaced in post-orogenic settings. These morphostructural features characterize numerous alkaline complexes worldwide and denote the importance of magmatic pressures that cause doming with radial and annular fracturing, in a brittle country rock. However, in the LPC, the attitude of the internal fabric of plutonic and subvolcanic units and the preferential layout of dikes match the NW–SE extensional fractures widely distributed in the host rock. This feature indicates a strong tectonic control linked to the structure that facilitate space for emplacement, corresponding to the brittle shear zone parallel to the N–S stratigraphy of the country rock. Shearing produced a system of discontinuities, with a K fractal fracture pattern, given by the combination of Riedel (R), anti-Riedel (R′), (P) and extensional (T) fracture systems, responsible for the control of melt migration by the opening of various fracture branches, but particularly through the NW–SE (T) fractures. Five different pulses would have ascent, (1) an initial one from which cumulate clinopyroxenite was formed, (2) a phase of mafic composition represented by dikes cross-cutting the clinopyroxenite, (3) a malignite facies that causes a small breccia in the clinopyroxenite, (4) a central syenite facies that develops breccias at the contact with the clinopyroxenite and, finally, (5) porphyry necks and a system of radial dikes intruding all units. At the moment of the emplacement different mechanisms would have acted, they summarized in: 1) opening of discontinuities synchronous to the magma circulation as the principal mechanism for formation of dikes and conduits; 2) stoping processes, that play an important role in the development of the breccia zone and enabling an efficient transference of material during the emplacement of the syenitic magma and 3) shear-related deformation (regional stress), affected the internal fabric of the facies, causing intracrystalline deformation and submagmatic flow, which is very evident in the central syenite intrusive. The kinematic analysis of shear planes allows proposing that emplacement of the LPC took place in a transtensive regime, which would have occurred in the back-arc of the Andes orogen, during a long period spanning from Miocene to the present, of the compressive deformation responsible, westward and at the same latitude, for the development of the Aconcagua fold and thrust belt.  相似文献   

虎头崖岩体地质地球化学特征及其对东昆仑祁漫塔格印支中-晚期构造环境的制约     

马圣钞 《地质学报》2014,88(1):72-82

虎头崖岩体位于青海东昆仑祁漫塔格成矿亚带,形成于中-晚三叠世,主要由黑云母二长花岗岩、正长花岗岩组成,局部含闪长质暗色包体。岩石高硅、高钾、富碱,SiO2含量为70.71%～77.67%;K2O含量平均为4.7%;Na2O K2O为7.86%～9.1%;K2O/Na2O平均为1.36。A/CNK比值为1.01,KN/A比值为0.86,属于高钾钙碱性系列的微过铝质I型花岗岩类。∑REE含量中等,平均为120.10μg/g;δEu值0.04～0.47;（La/Yb）值为1.52～8.06 ;稀土元素球粒陨石标准化曲线显示Eu负异常、HREE较平坦的右倾“V”型特征。岩体富集LIL和HFS元素,而Ba、Sr、Nb、Ti、P元素明显的负异常。结合区域地层岩性特征、A/MF-C/MF图解和岩体微量元素蛛网图,认为花岗岩是基性源区部分熔融和地壳物质混合的产物。结合地质特征、构造演化背景、元素判别图解等,认为包括虎头崖岩体在内的印支中晚期花岗岩形成于同造山阶段的后碰撞构造环境。印支中晚期花岗岩形成机制为：在二叠纪末-三叠纪初阿尼玛卿洋盆向北部昆仑微陆块俯冲碰撞造山并形成同碰撞/板内构造环境,期间发育与幔源岩浆底侵关系密切的源区基性岩浆岩;中-晚三叠世期,主碰撞之后挤压应力相对松弛,深部压力降低,因地壳增厚升温、岩石熔点降低而导致源区中-基性岩浆部分熔融,并在相对开放的环境下高侵位成岩  相似文献   

全新世温度研究回顾及对历史人地关系的启示     

饶志国  秦倩倩  魏士凯  郭海春  李云霞 《地理学报》2022,77(5):1169-1180

最新一些研究结果强调了全新世期间的长期增温趋势,综合全球平均海平面、大陆冰盖面积、大气温室气体和太阳辐射证据来看,这比传统观点所认为的全新世期间的长期降温趋势,更具有合理性。回顾历史,结合最新的一些研究进展,发现支持“中全新世大暖期”和“晚全新世降温趋势”的证据存在明显的不确定性,最核心的问题为晚全新世加强的人类活动对代用指标或者证据的强烈扰动,使得其不能准确地反映真实的气候变化过程。鉴于目前全新世温度历史争论的核心关键在于晚全新世,因此有必要加强晚全新世温度变化研究。在人类活动影响较小的地区,或者利用对人类活动不敏感的代用指标开展研究,有望可以获得更可靠的晚全新世温度历史重建结果,为准确认识中华数千年文明的长期温度变化背景,进而理解期间的“人地关系”演化历史,并最终客观认识现今面临的以全球变暖为主要特征的气候环境问题,提供一定的科学基础。  相似文献   

Vegetation in western Central Mexico during the last 50 000 years: modern analogs and climate in the Zacapu Basin     

A. Correa‐Metrio  S. Lozano‐García  S. Xelhuantzi‐López  S. Sosa‐Nájera  S. E. Metcalfe 《第四纪科学杂志》2012,27(5):509-518

The late glacial and the transition towards the Holocene marked a period of significant environmental change at a global scale. In western Central Mexico, few records span beyond the Holocene, and little is known about Pleistocene climatic and environmental variability. Here we report on the pollen record of a composite sequence made of three cores that cover the last 50 ka (thousands of calibrated radiocarbon years before present) in the Zacapu Basin, western Central Mexico (～1970 m asl). The conjunction of modern pollen rain from the area with the composite fossil pollen sequence from cores Cantabria, Cantabria 1 and CEMCA Point‐1 provided a detailed history of the vegetation of the area. Recognition of modern environmental patterns through individual modern pollen taxa proved difficult, but multivariate analysis separated different vegetation types. No‐modern‐analog communities relative to the modern vegetation cover of the area were evident, especially during periods of drought. Apparently, summer precipitation was significant before 40 ka and after the deglaciation. However, this moisture source declined from ～40 to 10 ka because tradewinds from the Gulf of Mexico were blocked by the eastern mountains of Central Mexico as a result of lower temperatures. By contrast, westerly and northerly winds were enhanced by maximum ice cover from ～19 to 17 ka, providing abundant winter precipitation and therefore preventing extreme drought in the area. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Late glacial and Holocene environmental change in the Lake Baikal region documented by oxygen isotopes from diatom silica   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

David W. Morley  Melanie J. Leng  Anson W. Mackay  Hilary J. Sloane 《Global and Planetary Change》2005,46(1-4):221

We investigate late glacial and Holocene climate change recorded in Lake Baikal using the oxygen isotope composition of diatom silica (δ¹⁸O_DIAT). Evaporation from the lake is minor, and the temperature fractionations of δ¹⁸O are unable to explain variations in the δ¹⁸O_DIAT record alone. Isotopically, low meltwater input from glaciers may have some influence on δ¹⁸O_DIAT, but the assumed periods of climatic warming and wastage do not coincide with large shifts in δ¹⁸O_DIAT. There is a gradual oxygen isotope lowering from 27.0‰ to 20.6‰ over the late glacial, while, during the Holocene, δ¹⁸O_DIAT values return to relatively high values. Previous studies of the modern oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition of Lake Baikal's inputs reveal that fluvial input to the lake's North Basin are isotopically lower than fluvial input from South Basin rivers. This north–south gradient of river δ¹⁸O and δD is mainly due to the greater input from isotopically low winter precipitation in the north and isotopically higher summer precipitation in the south. As a result, the δ¹⁸O_DIAT record from Lake Baikal can at least in part be explained by varying input from these sources related to seasonal changes in precipitation. Changes in atmospheric conditions may have a role in altering seasonality and the distribution of precipitation over Lake Baikal's catchment. A feedback mechanism is well known linking higher Eurasian spring snow cover extent (ESSC) to the development of anticyclonic conditions and low precipitation the following summer in the areas south of Lake Baikal. A simultaneous increase in the importance of depleted water (snowmelt) input from the north and decreased enriched summer precipitation in the south is needed to explain depletions in δ¹⁸O of lake water and subsequently δ¹⁸O_DIAT during colder periods. The opposite of this situation is required to enrich lake water during warmer periods. The analysis of δ¹⁸O from diatom silica is a useful proxy for environmental change, especially in lakes, like Lake Baikal, where carbonates are absent or diluted. However, analysis must be based on near pure diatom samples as even trace amounts of silt can have a dominating effect on δ¹⁸O_DIAT values.  相似文献   

Holocene environmental reconstruction from deltaic deposits in northeast Greenland     

Hanne H. Christiansen  Ole Bennike  Jens Bcher  Bo Elberling  Ole Humlum  Bjarne H. Jakobsen 《第四纪科学杂志》2002,17(2):145-160

Terraces of different age in the Zackenberg delta, located at 74°N in northeast Greenland, have provided the opportunity for an interdisciplinary approach to the investigation of Holocene glacial, periglacial, pedological, biological and archaeological conditions that existed during and after delta deposition. The raised Zackenberg delta accumulated mainly during the Holocene Climatic Optimum, starting slightly prior to 9500 cal. yr BP (30 m a.s.l.) and continued until at least 6300 cal. yr BP (0.5 m a.s.l.). Evidence of sea‐level change is based on conventional ¹⁴C dates of shells from the marine delta bottomsets, ¹⁴C AMS dating of macroscopic plant material from the foresets and of fluvial deposits. Arthropod and plant remains from 7960 cal. yr BP in the delta foresets include the oldest evidence of the arctic hare in Greenland and evidence of a rich herb flora slightly different from the modern flora. Empetrum nigrum and Salix herbacea remains indicate a summer temperature at least as high as today during delta deposition. Post‐depositional nivation activity, dated by luminescence, lichenometry and Schmidt Hammer measurements indicate mainly late Holocene activity, at least since 2900 yr BP, including Little Ice Age (LIA) avalanche activity. Pedological analyses of fossil podsols in the Zackenberg delta, including ¹⁴C AMS dating of selected organic rich B‐horizons, show continued podsol development during the Holocene Climatic Optimum and into the subsequent colder period of the late Holocene, until 3000–2400 yr BP. A Neo‐Eskimo house ruin found on the lower part of the delta, presently being eroded by the sea, is dated to AD 1800. It presumably was abandoned prior to AD 1869, and suggests that some of the last Eskimos that lived in northeast Greenland might have occupied the Zackenberg delta. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

扬子陆块西缘中元古代晚期元谋花岗岩的时代、成因及构造意义          下载免费PDF全文

宋冬虎  王燕  刘兵  熊波  关奇  路永严  刘晓玮  刘军平  田素梅  米云川  张硕 《沉积与特提斯地质》2023,43(3):661-673

扬子陆块西缘晚中元古代地质演化史一直存在较大争议,本文选择以扬子西缘元谋杂岩中一套二长花岗岩为研究对象,开展岩相学、锆石U-Pb年代学、全岩地球化学等综合研究,为认识和理解扬子西缘晚中元古代地质演化提供支撑。两件元谋二长花岗岩样品的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为1086±10 Ma（MSWD=1.4,n=50）和1099±10 Ma（MSWD=1.8,n=58）。所有样品具有高硅（SiO₂为69.44%~73.98%）、富碱（Na₂O+K₂O为6.11%~7.72%）、贫钙（CaO为0.39%~1.46%）、贫镁（MgO为0.52%~0.76%）、低钛（TiO₂为0.30%~0.59%）的特点,同时表现出强过铝质（A/CNK=1.19~1.35）及中钾钙碱性–钾玄岩系列特征。它们具有高的稀土元素总量（∑REE=211.60×10^-6~349.01×10^-6）,呈现轻稀土元素富集和重稀土元素亏损（（La/Yb）_N=4.32~7.36）;富集Rb、U、Th等大离子亲石元素和Zr、Th、Hf等,亏损Nb、Ta、Ba等元素,并具有明显的负Eu异常（δEu=0.46~0.59）,锆石饱和温度介于827~912℃之间,展示了A型花岗岩的属性。这些二长花岗岩可能是通过中上地壳的中酸性火成岩的部分熔融形成,结合前人的研究成果,它们最可能形成于弧后的伸展环境,综合扬子陆块周缘晚中元古代的岩浆记录,元谋杂岩中1.09 Ga二长花岗岩的形成应与扬子陆块开始参与Rodinia超大陆聚合有关。  相似文献   

Palynological Evidence of Late Pleistocene Soft-sediment Deformation Event in the Northeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau     

WEI Lijie  LI Zhenhong  DONG Xiaopeng  CUI Jiawei  HUANG Ting  KOU Linlin 《《地质学报》英文版》2023,97(3):841-854

The northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau is the youngest part of the Tibetan Plateau where tectonic activity is intense and climate change is complex. In this study, combined with field investigations, we explored accelerator mass spectrometry 14C and optically stimulated luminescence dating and palynological analysis of the sedimentary sequence in the Qingshuihe Basin to explain the origin of soft-sediment deformation layer. Dating and palynological results from the Sanchahe section in th...  相似文献   

四川盆地川中—川西震旦系—三叠系天然气成藏分析及勘探意义     

帅燕华  李剑  田兴旺  陈竹新  张斌  魏彩云 《地质学报》2023,97(5):1526-1543

四川盆地蕴藏着丰富天然气资源,其中筇竹寺组页岩对盆地中下组合天然气聚集作出巨大贡献。通过对川西和川中震旦系—寒武系及上覆志留系—三叠系多层系储集层中天然气特征精细对比发现,以筇竹寺组页岩为主要烃源的油气资源极为丰富、类型多样：(1)既有典型原油裂解气,甲烷碳同位素较轻(<35‰),分布在资阳地区震旦系、太合地区寒武系沧浪铺组(角探1井)及川西北河湾场/吴家坝的茅口组。它们成藏时间早,在岩性圈闭或岩性-构造圈闭得以长期保存;(2)页岩超晚期释放气,分布广泛,高石梯—磨溪、太合、威远等地区下组合震旦系—寒武系均以该类天然气补充成藏为主,甲烷碳同位素较重(>35‰),如未遭受过硫酸盐热化学还原作用(TSR)的改造则具典型甲、乙烷碳同位素倒转(δ¹³C₁>δ¹³C₂)特征,该类气藏具多期次复杂成藏过程,但超晚期页岩来源天然气的持续补充控制着聚集丰度;(3)中组合泥盆系—三叠系(须家河组之下)天然气以断层沟通的页岩超晚期释放天然气成藏为主。综合分析可见,筇竹寺组页岩(与页岩气)保存较好区域是...  相似文献   

晚第四纪下切河谷体系研究综述     

林春明  张霞  黄舒雅 《地质论评》2022,68(1):2022010006-2022010006

下切河谷的研究不仅可以正确划分地层、确立年代地层格架、判定沉积环境演变、探讨海平面变化规律,对碳氢化合物勘探开发、地质工程等重大国民经济建设也有重要意义。本文介绍了下切河谷体系概念、特征、划分类型、研究历程和科学意义,着重论述了晚第四纪下切河谷的形成演化、层序地层格架和控制因素。晚第四纪下切河谷体系主要是海平面下降、河流向盆地扩展并侵蚀下伏地层的下切河流体系,在海平面上升时期被充填的长条状负向地形,以区域性的地层不整合面为底界。浪控型与潮控型下切河谷体系模式有许多不同之处：① 前者存在河口砂坝、中央盆地、湾顶三角洲,后者则没有这些沉积单元;② 前者浅海沉积较薄,后者较厚;③ 前者代表了贫砂的小河河口湾,由于泥砂量少,河口湾在最大海侵线附近,后者河流作用较强,泥砂量相对大,现代河口湾不断向海扩展,较下切河谷范围要大的多;④ 前者涉及溯源堆积在下切河谷充填中的作用,但对其强度估计不足。下切河谷体系的形成演化的影响因素众多,海平面变化、沉积物供应、沉积过程、下切河谷形态和气候变化等是主要控制因素。  相似文献