Non-point source pollution of Wujiang River watershed in Guizhou Province, SW China     

Congguo TANG Congqiang LIU 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):141-142

The amount of pollution from non-point sources flowing in the streams of the Wujiang River watershed in Guizhou Province, SW China, is estimated by a GIS-based method using rainfall, surface runoff and land use data. A grid of cells, 100 m in size, is laid over the landscape. For each cell, mean annual surface runoff is estimated from rainfall and percent land use, and expected pollutant concentration is estimated from land use. The product of surface runoff and concentration gives expected pollutant loading from that cell. These loadings are accumulated going downstream to give expected annual pollutant loadings in streams and rivers. By dividing these accumulated loadings by the similarly accumulated mean annual surface runoff, the expected pollutant concentration from non-point sources is determined for each location in a stream or river. Observed pollutant concentrations in the watershed are averaged at each sample point and compared to the expected concentrations at the same locations determined from the grid cell model. In general, annual non-point source nutrient loadings in the Wujiang River watershed are seen to be predominantly from the agricultural and meadow areas.  相似文献   

On a viscoplastic model for rocks with mechanism-dependent characteristic times     

A. F. Fossum  R. M. Brannon 《Acta Geotechnica》2006,1(2):89-106

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A simple displacement control technique for pushover analyses     

Armelle Anthoine 《地震工程与结构动力学》2006,35(7):851-866

This paper explains how to control in displacement any force proportional loading. Such a procedure makes it possible to derive the complete (i.e. including the possible softening branch) response curve of a structure along any radial loading path in the force space. This is exactly what is required in the so‐called pushover analysis used in the seismic assessment of structures. The proposed procedure is simple in the sense that it can be easily implemented in any classical (displacement‐based) finite element code through a standard displacement control loading process. Furthermore, it leads to an interesting definition of the controlled degree‐of‐freedom, which, in the case of the pushover analysis, could substitute the classical roof displacement. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Development of Winkler model for static and dynamic response of caisson foundations with soil and interface nonlinearities   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

Nikos Gerolymos  George Gazetas   《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2006,26(5):363-376

As an extension of the elastic multi-spring model developed by the authors in a companion paper [Gerolymos N, Gazetas G. Winkler model for lateral response of rigid caisson foundations in linear soil. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng; 2005 (submitted companion paper).], this paper develops a nonlinear Winkler-spring method for the static, cyclic, and dynamic response of caisson foundations. The nonlinear soil reactions along the circumference and on the base of the caisson are modeled realistically by using suitable couple translational and rotational nonlinear interaction springs and dashpots, which can realistically (even if approximately) model such effects as separation and slippage at the caisson–soil interface, uplift of the caisson base, radiation damping, stiffness and strength degradation with large number of cycles. The method is implemented in a new finite difference time-domain code, NL-CAISSON. An efficient numerical methodology is also developed for calibrating the model parameters using a variety of experimental and analytical data. The necessity for the proposed model arises from the difficulty to predict the large-amplitude dynamic response of caissons up to failure, statically or dynamically. In a subsequent companion paper [Gerolymos N, Gazetas G. Static and dynamic response of massive caisson foundations with soil and interface nonlinearities—validation and results. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng; 2005 (submitted companion paper).], the model is validated against in situ medium-scale static load tests and results of 3D finite element analysis. It is then used to analyse the dynamic response of a laterally loaded caisson considering soil and interface nonlinearities.  相似文献   

Winkler model for lateral response of rigid caisson foundations in linear soil   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

Nikos Gerolymos  George Gazetas   《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2006,26(5):347-361

A generalized spring multi-Winkler model is developed for the static and dynamic response of rigid caisson foundations of circular, square, or rectangular plan, embedded in a homogeneous elastic. The model, referred to as a four-spring Winkler model, uses four types of springs to model the interaction between soil and caisson: lateral translational springs distributed along the length of the caisson relating horizontal displacement at a particular depth to lateral soil resistance (resultant of normal and shear tractions on the caisson periphery); similarly distributed rotational springs relating rotation of the caisson to the moment increment developed by the vertical shear tractions on the caisson periphery; and concentrated translational and rotational springs relating, respectively, resultant horizontal shear force with displacement, and overturning moment with rotation, at the base of the caisson. For the dynamic problem each spring is accompanied by an associated dashpot in parallel. Utilising elastodynamic theoretical available in the literature results for rigid embedded foundations, closed-form expressions are derived for the various springs and dashpots of caissons with rectangular and circular plan shape. The response of a caisson to lateral static and dynamic loading at its top, and to kinematically-induced loading arising from vertical seismic shear wave propagation, is then studied parametrically. Comparisons with results from 3D finite element analysis and other available theoretical methods demonstrate the reliability of the model, the need for which arises from its easy extension to multi-layered and nonlinear inelastic soil. Such an extension is presented in the companion papers by the authors [Gerolymos N, Gazetas G. Development of Winkler model for lateral static and dynamic response of caisson foundations with soil and interface nonlinearities. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng. Submitted companion paper; Gerolymos N, Gazetas G. Static and dynamic response of massive caisson foundations with soil and interface nonlinearities—validation and results. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng. Submitted companion paper.].  相似文献   

Residual deformation characteristics of partially saturated sandy soils subjected to seismic excitation     

Shunichi Sawada  Yoshimichi Tsukamoto  Kenji Ishihara 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2006,26(2-4):175-182

Multiple series of triaxial tests were carried out on unsaturated sandy soils subjected to irregular seismic excitation. To observe the volume changes of unsaturated soil specimens during undrained loading and subsequent process of drainage, the inner cell was newly installed inside the large triaxial cell. The soil samples tested were recovered from the construction site of a liquefied natural gas storage facility located in Tokyo Bay area. In the tests, the initial conditions of soil specimens were specified with the degrees of saturation S_r of 50, 75 and 100%. The soil specimens were anisotropically consolidated, and subjected to undrained irregular seismic excitation. The time history of irregular seismic excitation was the one obtained from one of the recent earthquakes in Japan. The drainage line was then opened to let the excess pore water drain out of soil specimens. The volume changes and residual shear strains of unsaturated soil specimens thus obtained are presented in the present paper.  相似文献   

天水市城区砂砾石地基的变形特征和承载力分析     

李柏生  李峰 《水文地质工程地质》2006,33(6):55-58

本文通过对天水市秦州、麦积两区砂砾石地基进行大量颗粒分析、动力触探、灌砂法试验及人工回填打入预制桩、人工挖孔灌注桩静载荷试验,并对其各项试验结果进行统计,系统地总结了天水城区砂砾石的分布特征、颗粒组成、物理力学性质;并通过粒径直方图统计分析阐明了藉河流域颗粒级配明显好于渭河流域,承载力特征值亦高于渭河流域的几个关键问题,并通过对工程实例的试验检测,对涉及的砂砾石地基的承载力特征值及变形模量,桩的极限端阻力标准值、极限侧阻力标准值应用实际问题进行了对比、讨论和分析,因此对工程质量的检测和设计应用有着重要意义,可供类似工程参考。  相似文献   

Single piles under horizontal loads in sand: determination of <Emphasis Type="Italic">P</Emphasis>–<Emphasis Type="Italic">Y</Emphasis> curves from the prebored pressuremeter test     

Ali Bouafia 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2007,25(3):283-301

Lateral load-deflection behaviour of single piles is often analysed in practice on the basis of methods of load-transfer P–Y curves. The paper is aimed at presenting the results of the interpretation of five full-scale horizontal loading tests of single instrumented piles in two sandy soils, in order to define the parameters of P–Y curves, namely the initial lateral reaction modulus and the lateral soil resistance, in correlation with the pressuremeter test parameters. P–Y curve parameters were found varying as a power of lateral pile/soil stiffness, on the basis of which hyperbolic P–Y curves in sand were proposed. The predictive capabilities of the proposed P–Y curves were assessed by predicting the soil/pile response in full-scale tests as well as in centrifuge tests and a very good agreement was found between the computed deflections and bending moments, and the measured ones. Small-sized database of full-scale pile loading tests in sand was built and a comparative study of some commonly used P–Y curve methods was undertaken. Moreover, it was shown that the load-deflection curves of these test piles may be normalised in a practical form for an approximate evaluation of pile deflection in a preliminary stage of pile design. At last, a parametric study undertaken on the basis of the proposed P–Y curves showed the significant influence of the lateral pile/soil stiffness on the non-linear load-deflection response.  相似文献   

含预制裂纹的水泥砂浆试块在爆炸载荷作用下损伤特征的数值模拟     

刘军  赵长冰 《岩土力学》2007,28(2):279-282

把能够体现岩体在冲击载荷作用下的响应特点及损伤演化的各向异性特征的损伤模型嵌入到有限元软件中，模拟了含有预制裂纹的水泥砂浆试块在爆炸载荷作用下的损伤特征。模拟结果表明，在爆炸近区产生一个损伤“重灾区”，并可根据模拟结果确定“重灾区”及爆炸损伤的范围，模拟结果与试验结果基本一致。模拟方法可以为岩土工程中经历过爆炸损伤岩体的稳定性研究提供理论依据。  相似文献   

上海地区超长后注浆钻孔桩竖向承载力试验研究     

高飞 《上海国土资源》2007,(2):45-48,55

依据上海地区某超高层商业建筑试桩的高吨位竖向抗压静载试验结果,通过对基桩的竖向极限承载力性状、桩身轴力传递特性以及桩侧阻力、桩端阻力发挥特性的分析研究,揭示了桩底注浆对基桩承载性状的影响情况,深入探讨了上海软土地区大直径超长后注浆灌注桩的荷载传递机理和竖向承载性状,提出了单桩承载力的估算方法。  相似文献