人工冻土动态力学特性研究现状及意义   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

马芹永 《岩土力学》2009,30(Z1):10-14

冻土的动态力学特性研究是冻土静力学研究的发展和分析冻土体动力失稳等特征的重要基础。综述了国内外研究现状可知,冻土力学特性的研究集中在冻土的静态力学方面,动态力学性能研究大多是低频或小幅值的振动加载下的情况。根据应变率大小,采用分离式Hopkinson压杆装置研究冻土的高应变率下的冻土动态力学特性是可行的。冻土动态力学性能的研究是煤矿冻结法施工及人工冻结工程建设中安全有效快速施工的重要基础研究,具有重要的理论意义和工程应用前景。  相似文献   

循环荷载下砂岩疲劳损伤过程的声学特性分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

樊秀峰  吴振祥  简文彬 《岩土力学》2009,30(Z1):58-62

利用电液伺服疲劳试验机系统研究了砂岩在单轴受压循环荷载作用下的疲劳损伤特性,配合智能型超声波检测设备及损伤在线实时监测系统,对砂岩试件在疲劳损伤过程中的声学参数（超声波速、时域波幅、波形）进行了实时的测量及详细地分析研究。结果表明,在循环加载过程中横向超声波速随损伤的发展变化比较敏感,呈现有规律的倒S型三阶段衰减现象,可以客观地描述砂岩的疲劳损伤特性及直观地反映疲劳损伤的各个阶段;超声波时域幅值在砂岩疲劳损伤过程中变化不稳定;波形在砂岩损伤过程中从有规则的纺锤形逐渐发生畸变,波形相关系数随循环次数的增长呈现整体下降趋势。研究成果进一步丰富了声学数据在疲劳损伤过程中的应用,从声学角度探讨了岩石疲劳损伤过程的微观机制,为进一步选择声学参数进行岩石疲劳损伤过程的跟踪识别提供试验依据。  相似文献   

A whole-basin stratigraphic record of sediment and phosphorus loading to the St. Croix River,USA     

Laura D. Triplett  Daniel R. Engstrom  Mark B. Edlund 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2009,41(4):659-677

Lake St. Croix is a natural impoundment of the lowermost 37 km of the St. Croix River in Minnesota and Wisconsin, making this one of a few large river systems in the world possessing a long-term depositional basin at its terminus. The river’s relatively pristine condition led to its designation as a National Scenic Riverway in 1968, but increasing urbanization in its lower reaches has raised concerns about impacts on water quality. This study was initiated to reconstruct historical loadings of suspended sediment and phosphorus (P) from the sediment record in Lake St. Croix. Twenty-four piston cores, with an average length of 2 m, were collected along eight transects of the lake. Dated chronologies from ²¹⁰Pb, ¹³⁷Cs and ¹⁴C were used to calculate the rate of sediment accumulation in the lake over the past 100+ years. Diatom microfossil analysis was used to reconstruct historical lakewater P concentrations over the same time period, and sediment P analysis quantified the amount of P trapped in lake sediments. Using a whole-lake mass balance approach, the loading of sediment and P to Lake St. Croix over the last 100+ years was calculated. Beginning in 1850, sediment accumulation increased dramatically to a peak in 1950–1960 of eight times background rates prior to European settlement. The peak is driven largely by sediment contributions from small side-valley catchment tributaries to the downstream half of the lake. The total P load to the lake increased sharply after 1940 and remains high, at around four times the level of pre-European settlement conditions. The timing of peak sediment and P loading to the lake shows that early settlement activities, such as logging and the conversion of forest and prairie to agricultural land between 1850 and 1890, had only modest impacts on the lake. By contrast, the mid-1900s brought major increases in sediment and P loading to the lake, suggesting that relatively recent activities on the landscape and changes to nutrient balances in the watershed have caused the current eutrophic condition of this important recreational and natural resource. This is one of eight papers dedicated to the “Recent Environmental History of the Upper Mississippi River” published in this special issue of the Journal of Paleolimnology. D. R. Engstrom served as guest editor of the special issue.  相似文献   

Tephra fallout hazard assessment at the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy)   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  

A. Costa  F. Dell’Erba  M. A. Di Vito  R. Isaia  G. Macedonio  G. Orsi  T. Pfeiffer 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2009,71(3):259-273

Tephra fallout associated with renewal of volcanism at the Campi Flegrei caldera is a serious threat to the Neapolitan area. In order to assess the hazards related with tephra loading, we have considered three different eruption scenarios representative of past activity: a high-magnitude event similar to the 4.1 ka Agnano-Monte Spina eruption, a medium-magnitude event, similar to the ∼3.8 ka Astroni 6 eruption, and a low-magnitude event similar to the Averno 2 eruption. The fallout deposits were reconstructed using the HAZMAP computational model, which is based on a semi-analytical solution of the two-dimensional advection–diffusion–sedimentation equation for volcanic tephra. The input parameters into the model, such as total erupted mass, eruption column height, and bulk grain-size and components distribution, were obtained by best-fitting field data. We carried out tens of thousands simulations using a statistical set of wind profiles, obtained from NOAA re-analysis. Probability maps, relative to the considered scenarios, were constructed for several tephra loads, such as 200, 300 and 400 kg/m². These provide a hazard assessment for roof collapses due to tephra loading that can be used for risk mitigation plans in the area.  相似文献   

灌芯混凝土石膏墙板结构抗震性能试验研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

姜忻良  谷岩  董嘉岭  周涛 《地震工程与工程振动》2006,26(3):165-167

本文通过对2块灌芯混凝土纤维增强石膏板与8个节点构件在低周反复荷载下的抗震性能试验,研究了构件的抗剪承载能力、构件的延性、恢复力特性、耗能能力和破坏特征等特性;通过实测试点工程结构的动力反应,获得结构的自振频率、振型和阻尼比等模态参数。研究表明,该结构在抗震方面具有良好的性能。  相似文献   

海洋平台吸力式基础的土工离心模拟研究与分析   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

张建红  孙国亮严冬 鲁晓兵 《海洋工程》2004,22(2):90-97

综述了国内外已开展的海洋平台吸力式基础的离心模型试验研究,重点讨论了应用离心机模拟吸力式基础承载特性的研究现状。  相似文献   

太湖生态与环境若干问题的研究进展及其展望   总被引：30，自引：5，他引：25  

秦伯强 《湖泊科学》2009,21(4):445-455

本文着重就太湖水动力及其生态环境效应、太湖沉积物及其内源污染问题和太湖生态系统结构与功能及其蓝藻水华等热点问题近十年来的研究进展进行了回顾.在水动力及其生态环境效应方面,初步摸索出一套适合太湖这样大型浅水湖泊的研究方法,即通过沉积物悬浮过程的研究,把风浪与水体光照透明度、内源释放、水土界面的氧化还原环境等过程和要素联系起来,获得了太湖理化要素随深度变化的内部结构特征,确立了三维水动力模拟模型在太湖应用中的必要性.建立了太湖光照和透明度与悬浮物的关系,及基于悬浮物浓度的太朔初级生产力计算模型.在太湖沉积物与内源污染问题上,初步弄清了太湖沉积物分布与污染物质分布的特征,太湖沉积物悬浮的动力作用的来源与大小.太湖水动力对内源释放的影响,进一步提出了适于太湖内源污染控制的判断方法.对于太湖生态系统结构与功能及其蓝藻水华问题,在蓝藻水华爆发过程假设的基础上,进一步通过营养盐阈值、休眠孢子复苏等方面对此进行了完善.研究还发现了富营养化导致生态系统退化,生物趋于小型化且多样性下降的现象,营养盐循环速率加快,加重水体富营养化程度.进一步通过附着生物的研究,揭示了富营养化导致草型生态系统向藻型生态系统转化的原因.在此基础上,提出了生态恢复应该首先降低营养盐负荷、其次才是生态恢复的新观念,以及湖泊治理必须先控源截污、后生态恢复的新思路.最后,就这几个方面的进一步发展做出了展望.  相似文献   

Dynamic loading test and simulation analysis of full‐scale semi‐active hydraulic damper for structural control     

Naoki Niwa  Takuji Kobori  Motoichi Takahashi  Hiroshi Midorikawa  Narito Kurata  Takayuki Mizuno 《地震工程与结构动力学》2000,29(6):789-812

A semi‐active hydraulic damper (SHD) for a semi‐active damper system, which is useful for practical structural control especially for large earthquakes, has been developed. Its maximum damping force is set to 1 or 2 MN, and it is controlled by only 70 W of electric power. An SHD with a maximum damping force of 1 MN was applied to an actual building in 1998. This paper first presents the results of a dynamic loading test to confirm the control performance of the SHD. Next, an analytical model of SHDs (SHD model) is constructed with the same concept for two kinds of SHDs based on the test results. Through simulation analyses of the test results using the proposed SHD model, the dynamic characteristics of the SHD can be well represented within practical conditions. Simulation analyses are also carried out using a simple structure model with the SHD model. It is shown that this SHD model can be used to precisely evaluate the control effect of the semi‐active damper system and is useful in practical SHD design under the applied conditions. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

海水加载引起的厦门台地倾斜变化   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1  

熊先保  黄晓华  杨婕  林立峰 《大地测量与地球动力学》2006,26(4):76-81

根据内海与外海海水加载模型,运用弹性理论定量计算了海水加载引起的厦门台地倾斜变化。结果表明:1)地倾斜对近距离的加载极为敏感,随着观测点与海水距离的增加,加载的影响程度逐渐减弱,超过200 km,其影响可以忽略不计;2)海潮对厦门台地倾斜南北分量的干扰主要是海水的加卸载;而对东西分量的干扰则较为复杂;3)外海与港内湾流对厦门台地倾斜的干扰机制不同:外海的影响主要在幅度方面;而港内湾流则在幅度与相位两方面都有,尤其对后者的干扰更为明显。  相似文献   

The 2005 eruption of Sierra Negra volcano,Galápagos,Ecuador     

Dennis J. Geist  Karen S. Harpp  Terry R. Naumann  Michael Poland  William W. Chadwick  Minard Hall  Erika Rader 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2008,70(6):655-673

Sierra Negra volcano began erupting on 22 October 2005, after a repose of 26 years. A plume of ash and steam more than 13 km high accompanied the initial phase of the eruption and was quickly followed by a ~2-km-long curtain of lava fountains. The eruptive fissure opened inside the north rim of the caldera, on the opposite side of the caldera from an active fault system that experienced an m_b 4.6 earthquake and ~84 cm of uplift on 16 April 2005. The main products of the eruption were an `a`a flow that ponded in the caldera and clastigenic lavas that flowed down the north flank. The `a`a flow grew in an unusual way. Once it had established most of its aerial extent, the interior of the flow was fed via a perched lava pond, causing inflation of the `a`a. This pressurized fluid interior then fed pahoehoe breakouts along the margins of the flow, many of which were subsequently overridden by `a`a, as the crust slowly spread from the center of the pond and tumbled over the pahoehoe. The curtain of lava fountains coalesced with time, and by day 4, only one vent was erupting. The effusion rate slowed from day 7 until the eruption’s end two days later on 30 October. Although the caldera floor had inflated by ~5 m since 1992, and the rate of inflation had accelerated since 2003, there was no transient deformation in the hours or days before the eruption. During the 8 days of the eruption, GPS and InSAR data show that the caldera floor deflated ~5 m, and the volcano contracted horizontally ~6 m. The total eruptive volume is estimated as being ~150×10⁶ m³. The opening-phase tephra is more evolved than the eruptive products that followed. The compositional variation of tephra and lava sampled over the course of the eruption is attributed to eruption from a zoned sill that lies 2.1 km beneath the caldera floor.  相似文献