Formation and erosion of sediment cover in an experimental bedrock‐alluvial channel          下载免费PDF全文

Rebecca Hodge  Trevor Hoey  Georgios Maniatis  Emilie Leprêtre 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(10):1409-1420

Sediment grains in a bedrock‐alluvial river will be deposited within or adjacent to a sediment patch, or as isolated grains on the bedrock surface. Previous analysis of grain geometry has demonstrated that these arrangements produce significant differences in grain entrainment shear stress. However, this analysis neglected potential interactions between the sediment patches, local hydraulics and grain entrainment. We present a series of flume experiments that measure the influence of sediment patches on grain entrainment. The flume had a planar bed with roughness that was much smaller than the diameters of the mobile grains. In each experiment sediment was added either as individual grains or as a single sediment pulse. Flow was then increased until the sediment was entrained. Analysis of the experiments demonstrates that: (1) for individual grains, coarse grains are entrained at a higher discharge than fine grains; (2) once sediment patches are present, the different in entrainment discharge between coarse and fine grains is greatly reduced; (3) the sheltering effect of patches also increases the entrainment discharge of isolated grains; (4) entire sediment patches break‐up and are eroded quickly, rather than through progressive grain‐by‐grain erosion; (5) as discharge increases there is some tendency for patches to become more elongate and flow‐aligned, and more randomly distributed across the bed. One implication of this research is that the critical shear stress in bedrock‐alluvial channels will be a function of the extent of the sediment cover. Another is that the influence of sediment patches equalizes critical shear stresses between different grain sizes and grain locations, meaning that these factors may not need to be accounted for. Further research is needed to quantify interactions between sediment patches, grain entrainment and local hydraulics on rougher bedrock surfaces, and under different types of sediment supply. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

新疆于田7.3级地震前瞻性预测回顾及其震后趋势分析          下载免费PDF全文

秦四清  薛雷  李培  李国梁 《地球物理学报》2014,57(2):679-684

基于作者提出的孕震断层多锁固段脆性破裂理论与相关预测方法,作者曾对于田地震区未来震情进行了前瞻性预测分析,给出了该地震区强（大）震事件的震级、震中经纬度、震源深度以及临界Benioff应变值四要素预测结果.将上述四要素预测结果与2014年2月12日新疆于田M_S7.3级地震参数进行比较,表明：四要素预测值与实际值相差不大,对于田地震区的前瞻性中长期预测结果可信.此外,本文认为2008年新疆于田—策勒M_L6.6级震群事件是2014年新疆于田7.3级地震发震的直接导火索.  相似文献   

一种顾及坡度因子与极值的地表面积计算法     

程传录  蒋光伟  田晓静  马新莹  王文利 《测绘通报》2017,(1):126-129

针对局部地形的非线性变化与图形的极值信息对地表面积计算结果的影响,提出了一种顾及坡度因子与图形极值的地表面积计算法,分析了地表面积计算理论与误差。最后以中国西部具有典型地貌特征的两县数据为例进行试验分析。试验结果表明,该方法在一定程度上对局部地形逼近具有一定的改进,宏观上与规格格网交叉对角划线法具有一定的相似度。文中推导的三角网面积传递误差可初步表明考虑局部地形坡度因子与极值的地表面积计算结果可靠性更高。  相似文献   

Population ecology of the snail Melampus bidentatus in changing salt marsh landscapes          下载免费PDF全文

Roman Zajac  Erin Kelly  Danielle Perry  Ivana Espinosa 《Marine Ecology》2017,38(2)

We studied the population ecology of the snail Melampus bidentatus in relation to patch composition and landscape structure across several salt marsh systems in Connecticut, USA. These marshes have changed significantly over the past 40–50 years including loss of total area, increased areas of short Spartina alterniflora, and decreased areas and fragmentation of Spartina patens. These changes are consistent with tidal inundation patterns that indicate frequent flooding of high marsh areas. Melampus bidentatus densities were highly variable, both among different salt marsh systems and locations within specific marshes, but were generally similar among short Sp. alterniflora and Sp. patens patches within locations. Densities were lowest where the marsh was regularly inundated at high tide and only remnant Sp. patens patches remained. Almost no snails were found in bare patches. Areas that had large Sp. patens patches adjacent to short Sp. alterniflora supported the highest M. bidentatus densities. Population size‐structure varied significantly among patch types, with higher proportions of large individuals in short Sp. alterniflora and hummocked Sp. patens patches than in large and remnant Sp. patens patches. This was likely due to size‐selective predation and/or higher snail growth rates due to better food resource conditions in short Sp. alterniflora patches. Egg mass densities and the number of eggs per egg mass were highest in short Sp. alterniflora. Our results indicate that M. bidentatus is resilient to the level and patterns of salt marsh change evident at our study sites. Indeed, snail densities were significantly higher than reported in other field studies, suggesting that increased patch areas of short Sp. alterniflora and associated environmental conditions at our study sites may provide more favorable habitats than previously when marshes were dominated by extensive Sp. patens meadows. However, there may be threshold conditions that could overwhelm the ability of M. bidentatus to maintain itself within salt marsh systems where changes in hydrology, sedimentation and other factors lead to increased numbers of bare patches and ponds and loss of short Sp. alterniflora and Sp. patens. Studies of the responses of resident and transient fauna to salt marsh change are critically needed in order to better understand the implications for salt marsh ecosystem dynamics and services.  相似文献   

Upwelling and surface cold patches in the Yellow Sea in summer: Effects of tidal mixing on the vertical circulation   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Xingang Lü  Fangli Qiao  Changshui Xia  Guansuo Wang  Yeli Yuan 《Continental Shelf Research》2010

A three-dimensional, prognostic, wave–tide–circulation coupled numerical model is developed to study the effects of tidal mixing on the summertime vertical circulation in the Yellow Sea (YS). The distribution and mechanisms of upwelling are investigated by numerical means. Validated by historical tide gauge data, satellite sea surface temperature (SST) data, and cruise observation data, the model shows satisfactory performances in reproducing the dominant tidal system and three-dimensional sea temperature structure. Model results suggest that strong tidal mixing plays an important role in the formation of the vertical circulation in the YS. The Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (YSCWM) is fringed by typical tidal mixing fronts (TMFs), which separate the cold, stratified water at the offshore side from the warm, well-mixed, shallow water at the other side. Considerable baroclinic gradient across the TMF makes the frontal zone the spot where the most active vertical circulation occurs; a secondary circulation is triggered with a distinct upwelling branch occurring mainly on the mixed side of the front. The numerical model produces systematic upwelling belts surrounding the YSCWM, and the upwelling is essentially induced by the TMF over sloping topography. The relative importance of tidal mixing and wind forcing for upwelling is further examined in numerical experiments. The southerly wind enhances the upwelling off the western coasts, but its overall influences in the whole YS are less important than tidal mixing. As shown by both satellite data and numerical modeling, the summertime SST field in the YS is featured by the stable existence of several site-selective surface cold patches (SCPs), most of which scatter in the waters off convex coastlines. One of the SCPs is found off Subei Bank, and the others are located off the eastern tip of Shandong Peninsula and off the three tips of Korean Peninsula. Two processes give rise to the SCP: on the one hand, TMF-induced upwelling supplies cold water from the deep layer; on the other hand, tidal mixing itself can stir the bottom water upward and homogenize the water column vertically. In the waters around the tips of peninsula in the YS, the tidal currents are extraordinarily strong, which provides a possible explanation for the site-selectivity of the SCPs.  相似文献   

2015年4月25日尼泊尔M_w7.8地震孕育过程分析与震后趋势研判          下载免费PDF全文

李培  秦四清  薛雷  李国梁 《地球物理学报》2015,58(5):1827-1833

基于作者提出的孕震断层多锁固段脆性破裂理论及板间地震区划分原则,划分了伊斯兰堡—加德满都地震区.从孕育周期界定与主震事件判识角度,分析了该地震区大(巨)震事件的孕育过程,研判了其未来震情.结果表明:伊斯兰堡—加德满都地震区至少已经历三个完整的孕育周期,是一个Mw8.3~8.6地震危险区;2015年4月25日尼泊尔Mw7.8地震,是该区当前孕育周期第三锁固段损伤累积至峰值强度点时发生的一次标志性大震事件;2015年5月12日尼泊尔Mw7.3地震发生后,该地震区再次处于临界状态,将发生Mw8.0~8.2地震.  相似文献   

Bed morphological changes around a finite patch of vegetation          下载免费PDF全文

Hyung Suk Kim  Ichiro Kimura  Yasuyuki Shimizu 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2015,40(3):375-388

For the appropriate management and restoration of rivers, isolated vegetation is often a practical means for improving stream habitat and ecology. The effect of a finite vegetation patch on flow and bed morphology in an open channel was investigated using laboratory experiments. The patch containing emergent and submerged vegetation was modeled using circular cylinders and located mid‐channel along a side wall. Several configurations of the patch and submergence ratio (i.e. water depth to the height of vegetation), and two flow conditions (i.e. below and above the sediment motion threshold) were considered. For flows below the sediment motion threshold, erosion occurred primarily on the opposite side of the patch and near the leading edge of the patch. The degree of scouring depth observed in both these regions was affected by the submergence ratio and it increased with the non‐dimensional flow blockage (i.e. the product of the patch density and width). In contrast, for flows above the sediment motion threshold, sediment accumulated within and around the patch due to a reduction in bed shear stress, which was strongly influenced by the flow blockage and the obstruction ratio (i.e. the ratio of patch width to channel width). The eroded area observed within the patch was consistent with the interior adjustment region where the deceleration and diversion of flow occurred through the patch. As the flow blockage increased or as the obstruction ratio decreased, the deposition rate within and behind the patch decreased. Furthermore, the deposition rate increased with an increase in the ratio of flow rate through the patch to total flow rate regardless of the submergence ratio. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

孕震断层的多锁固段脆性破裂机制与地震预测新方法的探索   总被引：24，自引：6，他引：18       下载免费PDF全文

秦四清  徐锡伟  胡平  王媛媛  黄鑫  泮晓华 《地球物理学报》2010,53(4):1001-1014

通过建立孕震断层中锁固段的临界破坏-断裂力学与其蠕变过程联系,发现每个锁固段断裂点与加速应变能释放起点的累积Benioff应变之比,有着依赖于锁固段个数的指数律关系,指数函数的底数为1.48.在最后一个锁固段破坏以前,每一个锁固段的临界破坏-断裂过程表示一个中等强度或更大震级预震（preshock）的产生过程;在最后一个锁固段破坏之后,主震将发生.通过相当数量地震实例的回溯性预测分析,表明这一指数律能可靠地应用于中等强度预震和主震的预测.该方法能够在地震的中期、短期以及临震预报方面发挥作用.常数1.48很可能是表征中等强度或更大震级的预震和主震产生过程的普适常数.我们还对地震预报研究中某些有争议的问题进行了讨论,从理论和技术层面论证了本方法的适用性.  相似文献   

农业生态系统中人类行为对植被多样性的影响:以中国封丘县为例(英文)     

李立 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2010,(4):353-360

本文研究了社会经济因素对当地植被多样性的作用,并利用数学模型分析了中国封丘县农田景观中植被多样性的主要干扰因素。发现在小尺度上,植被多样性与景观组成和机构紧密相关这一观点没有证据支持。相比较而言,植被多样性受人为干扰的影响较大,而且与作物种类和经济来源紧密相关。这主要是因为中国农区经济行为拥有特殊格局,包括联产承包责任制以及农民外出务工流。提出了在政策环境的变化下如何维持当地植被多样性的现状。  相似文献   

活跃破碎的图像识别     

张冲  类淑河  管长龙  周西龙 《海洋与湖沼》2014,45(2):359-362

破碎波峰线长度的速度谱Λ(c)及其高阶矩是研究破碎能量耗散、动量通量等关键问题的有效工具。活跃破碎的图像识别是正确计算Λ(c)的一个关键前提。Kleiss等2011年给出了一种基于对数累积灰度函数(L)的导函数区分活跃破碎与尾迹的阈值方法,但阈值的确定仍存在一定的主观性,得到的破碎阈值可能偏低。我们通过对渤海海域拍摄的白冠破碎观测资料的分析,发现L函数的二阶导数往往存在稳定的次峰,次峰所对应的灰度值正可作为区分活跃破碎与尾迹的灰度阈值,由此提出一种基于L函数二阶导数次峰的阈值确定方法。  相似文献