An overview on the seismic zonation and microzonation studies in India     

M. Yanger Walling  William K. Mohanty   《Earth》2009,96(1-2):67-91

The present study presents a review on the progressive development of the seismic zonation map of India both from official agencies and also from independent individual studies. The zonation map have been modified and updated regularly with the occurrence of major destructive earthquakes over the years in the Indian subcontinent with the addition of new data. This study discusses the criteria chosen for the progressive zonation and the major earthquakes that were responsible for retrospection of the earlier published maps. The seismic zonation maps of India have also been prepared by various independent workers by adopting different approaches to achieve the purpose of the zonation. Despite the endeavors from various sources to provide a solution for the problem of earthquake hazards in India, there were many limitations on the zonation map as it gives the picture at a regional scale mostly on the bedrock level without addressing the local site conditions. But nevertheless, the seismic zonation map gives basic guidelines for any region to know the hazard scenario and if any city or urban population is under threat from seismic point of view, further site specific seismic microzonation may be carried out. In the International scenario, the Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (GSHAP) in 1999 prepared a hazard map for world in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA) with a 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years, but it turned out to be an underestimation of the hazard parameter when compared with the observed PGA. To tackle the problem of seismic hazards, there was a need to have a detail study on the local site conditions in terms of its geological, geophysical and geotechnical properties. With the advent of better instrumentation and knowledge on the mechanics of earthquakes, it was possible to identify zones of hazards at a local level and this gives rise to the study of seismic microzonation. Seismic microzonation work has been carried out in India in some of the strategic important mega cities and industrial build up that has the potential of being damaged from future earthquakes, as has been shown in the past. Though the microzonation map is not the final output map, as it can still be updated at later stage with more input data, it does provide a more realistic picture on the site specific seismic hazard.  相似文献   

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定井间示踪剂中稀土元素   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2  

曹煊  李景喜  俞晶晶  于振花  陈维余  杨黄浩  王小如 《岩矿测试》2009,28(2):91-96

以甲醇为稀释剂,用电感耦合等离子体质谱法快速测定稀土示踪剂中17个稀土元素。研究表明,在优化的稀释剂甲醇浓度为2%(体积分数)、pH<2.47的条件下测定稀土元素,方法精密度(RSD)为1.23%~2.83%,日间6次测定的精密度为2.25%~4.76%,各稀土元素线性关系良好,检出限为2.0~9.0 ng/L;17个稀土元素的加标回收率为85%~108%,满足痕量元素分析要求。  相似文献   

空气滤膜采集大气浮尘样品中多元素的测定   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

陈波  冯永明  刘洪青 《岩矿测试》2009,28(5):435-438

用氢氟酸-盐酸-硝酸-高氯酸体系对空气滤膜上附着的浮尘样品进行分解,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定溶液中15个主量和微量元素铁、铜、锌、镍、镧、铈、锂、锰、铬、镉、钴、铅、钍、铊、铀。将国家一级标准物质模拟浮尘样品加入空白滤膜进行测定,结果与标准值相符。各元素4次测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)小于5%。  相似文献   

东秦岭金堆城大型斑岩钼矿床同位素及元素地球化学研究   总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7  

郭波  朱赖民  李犇  许江  王建其  弓虎军 《矿床地质》2009,28(3):265-281

文章系统研究了金堆城钼矿床的含矿钾长斑岩、围岩、矿石、矿石中的黄铁矿及矿化围岩的地球化学特征,深入探讨了矿区成矿物质的来源.金堆城含矿斑岩的稀土元素分布和特征地球化学参数显示,金堆城含矿斑岩富集LREE(LaN/YbN=540～1684),轻、重稀土元素分馏较明显,Eu异常不明显或无Eu异常(δEu=070～096).矿石中黄铁矿富集LREE(LaN/YbN=315～2628),具有弱的Eu负异常,无Ce异常(δEu=064～081, δCe=088～103),并与金堆城含矿钾长斑岩和矿石具有一致的球粒陨石标准化配分曲线和特征的地球化学参数,显示金堆城钼矿床的成矿物质来源与钾长斑岩同源.矿床铅、硫、碳和氢-氧同位素地球化学综合研究表明,成矿物质来源于深部,与钾长斑岩同源.围岩在矿化和蚀变过程中元素的迁移计算结果表明,在热液成矿过程中Mo随成矿流体加入到围岩并使围岩发生蚀变和矿化.钼矿床的成矿物质主要来自钾长斑岩,围岩不提供成矿物质.金堆城含矿斑岩和钼矿化的发生处于秦岭造山带在中新生代的挤压-伸展转变期,受板片断离作用和壳幔边界附近发生的基性岩浆底侵作用影响,加厚的华北地块南缘下地壳物质发生熔融形成花岗质岩浆,并沿构造薄弱带上升到浅部侵位,形成金堆城等同熔型斑岩和斑岩型矿床.  相似文献   

Simulation of the progressive failure of an embankment on soft soil     

Jinchun Chai  John P. Carter 《Computers and Geotechnics》2009

A pragmatic strain-softening constitutive model, which is based on Modified Cam Clay, was applied to the simulation of the progressive failure of an embankment constructed on a deposit of sensitive (strain-softening) clay in Saga, Japan. A comparison of the predictions for this case indicates that if softening is ignored, only relatively small deflections and consolidation settlements are predicted, especially after construction. In contrast, for the case where softening is included in the analysis, progressive failure within the clay induces large shear deformations and finally failure of the embankment is predicted. This comparison suggests that softening-induced progressive failure should be considered in the design of embankments on such soils, and the residual strength of the deposit may have an important influence on the overall factor of safety of the construction. Detailed analyses of predicted excess pore water pressures, shear strains and shear stress levels in the ground indicate that considering the strain-softening process: (a) is associated with the buildup of excess pore water pressure; (b) promotes strain localization; and (c) results generally in a larger zone of soil involved in the failure.  相似文献   

Numerical modelling of soil nails in loose fill slope under surcharge loading     

Y.D. Zhou  C.Y. Cheuk  L.G. Tham 《Computers and Geotechnics》2009

A plane–strain numerical model has been developed to mimic a nailed loose fill slope under surcharge loading. The model has been used to back-analyse a field test that was conducted to examine the behaviour of soil nails in loose fill slopes under surcharge loading. Incremental elasto-plastic analyses coupled with pore water diffusion have been performed to study the internal deformation, water content redistribution in the soil, and the performance of the soil nails during and after the application of surcharge loading. The model parameters describing the mechanical and hydraulic properties of the nailed slope were obtained from field or laboratory tests. Different modelling techniques and boundary conditions for mimicking soil–nail interaction in loose fill material have been examined. Comparisons between numerical predictions and field measurements demonstrate that a new interfacial model, denoted as the embedded bond–slip interface model, is more suitable for mimicking the interfacial behaviour. Despite the simplicity of the numerical model, the predicted responses are in close agreement with the field test results, in particular the mobilisation and distribution of nail forces in response to surcharge loading. Both the numerical and the field test results suggest that soil nails are capable of increasing the overall stability of a loose fill slope for the loading conditions considered in this study. The increase in confining stress along the soil nails near the surcharge area is central to the overall stabilising mechanism. On the contrary, the nail forces mobilised near the nail heads are much smaller, indicating that the beneficial effect of having a structural grillage system at the slope face is limited for the range of surcharge pressures considered in this study.  相似文献   

A hybrid discrete–finite element model for numerical simulation of geomaterials     

Ali Fakhimi 《Computers and Geotechnics》2009

A hybrid discrete–finite element model is introduced for simulation of mechanical behavior of geomaterials. The soil or rock is modeled as a system of discrete balls that interact through normal and shear springs. The balls can be bonded at the contact points to withstand the applied deviatoric stresses. The important feature of this model is that the confining walls that can be imagined for example as the surrounding membrane or the mold in a physical test are modeled by deformable finite elements. This allows simulation of laboratory test features more realistically compared to the situations where the surrounding walls are rigid. The relationships between micro- and macro-properties are investigated in this paper as well. These relationships and the corresponding curves are helpful tools in calibration of the numerical model for the macroscopic elastic properties.  相似文献   

锡铁山片岩型铅锌矿床稀土元素成因标志   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

坚润堂 《地质与勘探》2009,45(3):240-246

锡铁山(碳质)片岩型矿床具典型的"双层结构",笔者对层状矿体中硫化物、硅质岩及其围岩火山岩稀土元素分析表明,硫化物∑REE较低,在4.78×10-6～7.24×10-6之间,具明显负Eu异常,Ce异常总体不明显;硅质岩∑REE较高,在102.64×10-6～168.82×10-6之间,负Eu异常明显,Ce异常不明显;矿下中酸性火山岩的稀土元素总量普遍较高,负Eu异常明显,Ce异常不明显,矿上火山岩稀土元素组成变化较大,δEu值0.70～1.03(平均0.90),无明显Eu异常.分析认为,锡铁山(碳质)片岩型矿床是热水喷流-沉积作用的结果,成矿物质主要来自下伏火山岩及地壳深部.  相似文献   

MatDEM-fast matrix computing of the discrete element method     

《地震研究进展（英文）》2021,1(3):100010

Discrete element method can effectively simulate the discontinuity, inhomogeneity and large deformation and failure of rock and soil. Based on the innovative matrix computing of the discrete element method, the high-performance discrete element software MatDEM may handle millions of elements in one computer, and enables the discrete element simulation at the engineering scale. It supports heat calculation, multi-field and fluid-solid coupling numerical simulations. Furthermore, the software integrates pre-processing, solver, post-processing, and powerful secondary development, allowing recompiling new discrete element software. The basic principles of the DEM, the implement and development of the MatDEM software, and its applications are introduced in this paper. The software and sample source code are available online (http://matdem.com).  相似文献   

Evidence for microbiological manganese oxidation in the river Tamar Estuary, South West England     

Peter W. L. Vojak  Clive Edwards  Martin V. Jones 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1985,20(6):661-671

Water samples from the Tamar Estuary oxidized manganese when supplemented with Mn²⁺ (2 mgl⁻¹). The rates of oxidation were depressed in the presence of various metabolic inhibitors. The effect of Mn²⁺ and temperature on the rate of manganese oxidation suggested that a biological process was largely responsible for converting Mn²⁺ to Mn⁴⁺. Rates of manganese oxidation were much higher in freshwater (3·32 μgl⁻¹ h⁻¹ in water containing 30 mgl⁻¹ of suspended matter) than in saline water (0·7 μgl⁻¹ h⁻¹ in water of salinity 32‰) containing the same amount of particulate matter. The rate of manganese oxidation was proportional to the particulate load (up to 100 mgl⁻¹ particulates).  相似文献