Instrumentation Development for In Situ 40Ar/39Ar Planetary Geochronology          下载免费PDF全文

Leah E. Morgan  Madicken Munk  Brett Davidheiser‐Kroll  Nicholas H. Warner  Sanjeev Gupta  Rachel Slaybaugh  Patrick Harkness  Darren F. Mark 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2017,41(3):381-396

The chronology of the Solar System, particularly the timing of formation of extra‐terrestrial bodies and their features, is an outstanding problem in planetary science. Although various chronological methods for in situ geochronology have been proposed (e.g., Rb‐Sr, K‐Ar), and even applied (K‐Ar), the reliability, accuracy, and applicability of the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar method makes it by far the most desirable chronometer for dating extra‐terrestrial bodies. The method however relies on the neutron irradiation of samples, and thus a neutron source. Herein, we discuss the challenges and feasibility of deploying a passive neutron source to planetary surfaces for the in situ application of the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar chronometer. Requirements in generating and shielding neutrons, as well as analysing samples are described, along with an exploration of limitations such as mass, power and cost. Two potential solutions for the in situ extra‐terrestrial deployment of the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar method are presented. Although this represents a challenging task, developing the technology to apply the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar method on planetary surfaces would represent a major advance towards constraining the timescale of solar system formation and evolution.  相似文献   

甘肃龙首山芨岭辉绿岩地球化学特征及其地质意义     

高宇  赵如意  王刚  聂利 《地质与资源》2017,26(5):505-514

辉绿岩脉在南方花岗岩型铀矿成矿作用中起到较为重要的作用,芨岭钠交代型铀矿床周边也有产出.通过岩石学、岩相学、地球化学和同位素年代学研究,确定芨岭铀矿床外围的辉绿岩是由碱性玄武岩浆上侵形成的,具有富铝（15.97%~19.21%）、高碱（4.36%~6.89%）、中钛（1.18%~2.02%）的特征,弱铕负异常（δEu=0.65~0.86）,轻稀土元素分异较强而重稀土元素较弱.相对富集LILE （Rb、Ba）和不相容元素（Th、U）,亏损HFSE （Nb、Ta、Hf、Ti）.辉绿岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为485 Ma,形成于奥陶纪早期.MgO含量（3.79%~8.22%）和Mg^#值（42.4~66.5）均有较大的变化.岩浆经历了橄榄石、辉石和少量斜长石分离结晶后上侵定位.辉绿岩脉的产出标志着祁连山-龙首山早古生代造山带后碰撞伸展背景的开始,上涌地幔对酸性岩浆的形成、演化直至碱性岩和钠交代型铀矿化出现带来了大量的热能.  相似文献   

辽北西丰地区宝兴岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及岩石地球化学特征     

彭游博  宋淑娥  刘锦  张文静  王恩德  赵辰 《地质通报》2017,36(10):1698-1707

宝兴岩体位于华北板块北缘陆缘活动带东段,岩性为花岗闪长岩,LA-ICP-MS锆石~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄加权平均值为235.0±1.3Ma,属于中三叠世。岩石的K_2O/Na_2O平均值为1.07,属高钾钙碱性系列;富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,具有活动陆缘钙碱性岩系特征;稀土元素总量平均值为147×10~(-6),稀土元素配分曲线右倾,属具中等负Eu异常的轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损型。通过岩石学、岩石地球化学及年代学研究,结合邻区构造演化研究,认为中三叠世研究区在伸展作用下岩石圈进行拆沉,从而形成大规模的岩浆活动。  相似文献   

云南会泽矿山厂铅锌矿床流体包裹体特征及成矿物理化学条件     

张艳  韩润生  魏平堂  邱文龙 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2017,47(3)

通过会泽矿山厂铅锌矿床闪锌矿流体包裹体显微测温和成矿物理化学条件参数计算,结合前人研究结果,得出以下认识:会泽矿山厂铅锌矿床闪锌矿流体包裹体均一温度为126280℃,具有较宽的变化区间,盐度(w(NaCl))为3.2%22.8%;白云石流体包裹体均一温度为86163℃,大部分盐度较低,为1.1%-14.8%。3个成矿阶段闪锌矿和白云石中流体包裹体均一温度和盐度具有较明显的分布特征:从热液成矿期Ⅰ阶段→Ⅱ阶段→Ⅲ阶段→围岩蚀变,流体呈现中高温-高盐度→中温-中高盐度→中低温-中高盐度→中低温-低盐度的演化规律。在整个热液成矿过程中,有两种不同盐度的流体参与了作用,流体混合可能是矿物沉淀的主要机制。pH值计算结果表明,迁移阶段时,成矿流体呈酸性,从成矿阶段Ⅰ—Ⅳ,流体pH逐渐增大,主成矿阶段Ⅱ—Ⅲ时,闪锌矿和方铅矿在中性、弱碱性下大量析出。受控于CO、CO_2、O_2间逸度平衡的CO_3~(2-)和HCO_3~-缓冲对调节了成矿流体的pH值,碳酸盐岩在铅锌的运移沉淀中起了至关重要的作用。  相似文献   

北京城区二氧化碳浓度和通量的梯度变化特征——I浓度与虚温          下载免费PDF全文

刘晓曼  程雪玲  胡非 《地球物理学报》2015,58(5):1502-1512

根据北京塔7层涡动系统2012年5月至2013年12月的湍流观测数据,分析了北京城区二氧化碳浓度在不同高度层次的日变化和月变化特征,并初步给出不同季节和日变化时间段内二氧化碳的浓度垂直廓线.结果表明:二氧化碳浓度整体随高度而下降;各观测层均有浓度的明显日变化,夏季最为明显,冬季相对平缓;近地层浓度直接受城市供暖、地表植被、交通运输等碳源影响,更高观测层浓度则受对流输送和天气过程影响较大;垂直方向上,冬季浓度变化范围最大,夏季层间浓度变化最明显;在一天中的任何时刻,近地面层二氧化碳浓度的日变化最低值一般出现在夏季,50m以上则出现在春季,浓度最高值总是出现在冬季;根据对二氧化碳浓度四季垂直廓线变化的分析可以看出,边界层二氧化碳浓度强烈受到碳源、下垫面植被、大气稳定度、环境温度和天气过程等因素的影响.  相似文献   

测定堆石体密度的附加质量法理论分析研究          下载免费PDF全文

张智  凡友华  蔡加兴  李旭  马圣敏  刘杨 《地球物理学报》2015,58(1):257-266

附加质量法是一种新兴的堆石体密度检测方法,它具有方便、无损等优点,近年来有较为广泛的应用,但该方法的应用效果会受到震源、雨水、双峰频谱等因素的影响.本文则考虑堆石体系统振动的阻尼因素,以及附加质量块与堆石体之间的非刚性连接,分别基于质弹阻模型以及双自由度-质弹阻模型对这些因素的影响进行了理论分析.结果表明,质弹阻模型可以解释主频随震源频率和雨水而变化的现象;而双自由度-质弹阻模型则可以解释主频随质量块偏移距和触地面积而变化的现象.在此基础上,本文对附加质量法的测试过程提出了几点改进建议.  相似文献   

Mass rig system for shaking table tests of slender columns          下载免费PDF全文

Pedro F. Silva  Arash Sangtarashha  Rigoberto Burgueño 《地震工程与结构动力学》2015,44(15):2717-2736

A new mass rig system is proposed to minimize the deficiencies in current shaking table testing setups. This is accomplished by placing the inertial mass on a convex path designed to impose P‐Delta demands on slender cantilever columns. The design and performance of the mass rig system, and the principles used in deriving the equations of motion and their analytical validation against results obtained from shaking table tests, are presented. Formulation of the governing equations of motion was based on Lagrangian mechanics and solved using an implicit linear acceleration method with an adaptive time step formulation. Friction developed in the sliding system was also incorporated in the equations of motion. Experimental results validated the accuracy in the derivation and solution of the equations of motion. Validated by analytical and experimental results, P‐Delta effects were found to increase the displacement demands on slender columns in the low‐frequency range of acceleration input, while in the high‐frequency range P‐Delta effects led to no increase and in some cases even a reduction in displacement demands. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Evidence of Self‐Organized Criticality in riverbank mass failures: a matter of perspective?          下载免费PDF全文

Jacky Croke  Robert Denham  Chris Thompson  James Grove 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2015,40(7):953-964

A growing body of field, theoretical and numerical modelling studies suggests that predicting river response to even major changes in input variables is difficult. Rivers are seen to adjust rapidly and variably through time and space as well as changing independently of major driving variables. Concepts such as Self‐Organized Criticality (SOC) are considered to better reflect the complex interactions and adjustments occurring in systems than traditional approaches of cause and effect. This study tests the hypothesis that riverbank mass failures which occurred both prior to, and during, an extreme flood event in southeast Queensland (SEQ) in 2011 are a manifestation of SOC. Each wet‐flow failure is somewhat analogous to the ‘avalanche’ described in the initial sand‐pile experiments of Bak et al. (Physical Review Letters, 1987, 59(4), 381–384) and, due to the use of multitemporal LiDAR, the time period of instability can be effectively constrained to that surrounding the flood event. The data is examined with respect to the key factors thought to be significant in evaluating the existence of SOC including; non‐linear temporal dynamics in the occurrence of disturbance events within the system; an inverse power‐law relation between the magnitude and frequency of the events; the existence of a critical state to which the system readjusts after a disturbance; the existence of a cascading processes mechanism by which the same process can initiate both low‐magnitude and high‐magnitude events. While there was a significant change in the frequency of mass failures pre‐ and post‐flood, suggesting non‐linear temporal dynamics in the occurrence of disturbance events, the data did not fit an inverse power‐law within acceptable probability and other models were found to fit the data better. Likewise, determining a single ‘critical’ state is problematic when a variety of feedbacks and multiple modes of adjustment are likely to have operated throughout this high magnitude event. Overall, the extent to which the data supports a self‐organized critical state is variable and highly dependent upon inferential arguments. Investigating the existence of SOC, however, provided results and insights that are useful to the management and future prediction of these features. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

中部地区粮食生产比较优势分析与基地建设   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

胡文海 《地理科学》2015,35(3):293-298

中部地区是中国重要的粮食主产基地,在分析中部地区粮食生产规模优势、效率优势、综合比较优势和集中度的基础上,进一步探讨了中部地区粮食生产基地建设对策。结论如下:① 1978 年以来,中部地区水稻和小麦具有稳定的比较优势,而玉米和大豆没有比较优势。其中水稻生产的综合优势指数均在1.10 以上;小麦综合优势表现为稳中有升,从1978 年为1.00 上升到2012 年为1.16;玉米的综合优势指数小于0.80;大豆的综合优势呈现下降趋势,从1978 年为0.90 下降到2012 年为0.80。② 整体从横向来看,水稻、小麦、玉米、大豆四大粮食作物的比较优势结构发生了变化。1978 年规模优势大小顺序为:水稻 > 大豆 > 小麦 > 玉米;效率优势为:小麦 > 水稻 > 玉米 > 大豆;综合优势为:水稻 > 小麦 > 大豆 > 玉米。2012 年规模优势为:水稻 > 小麦 > 大豆 > 玉米;效率优势为:小麦 > 水稻 > 大豆 > 玉米;综合优势为:小麦 > 水稻 > 大豆 > 玉米。③ 中国四大区域中的东部地区、西部地区和东北地区粮食生产的集中度均有波动,唯有中部地区的粮食集中度保持稳定上升,其粮食、水稻、小麦、玉米的集中度由1978 年的28.65%、38.13%、28.83%、16.16%分别上升到2012 年的30.08%、39.87%、42.40%、17.16%,2012 年中部地区粮食、水稻、小麦的集中度位于四大区域之首。④分析表明,中部地区粮食生产在全国的地位越来越重要,应采取各项措施促进中部地区粮食生产的稳定与增长。  相似文献   

卫星数据和地面观测结合的珠三角地区颗粒物质量浓度统计估算方法     

陈良富  陈水森  钟流举  陶金花  王子峰 《热带地理》2015,35(1):7-12

利用卫星观测的气溶胶光学厚度资料和模式模拟数据,与地面颗粒物观测资料结合,探讨近地面颗粒物质量浓度的估算方法。具体包括：利用区域气侯模式RAMS（Regional Atmospheric Modeling System）模拟的边界层高度对气溶胶光学厚度进行垂直订正,获得近地面颗粒物消光系数;利用模式模拟的相对湿度和颗粒物吸湿增长经验模型对消光系数进行湿度订正,获得近地面颗粒物干消光系数;并基于干消光系数与颗粒物质量浓度地面站点资料建立的统计关系估算获得每个像元的颗粒物质量浓度。利用地面站点观测的颗粒物浓度资料验证表明,基于卫星资料可以获得近地面颗粒物质量浓度,而且细颗粒物质量浓度具有更好的估算精度。  相似文献