Contact Partial Melting of Granitic Country Rock, Melt Segregation, and Re-injection as Dikes into Ferrar Dolerite Sills, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica     

Hersum  Taber G.; Marsh  Bruce D.; Simon  Adam C. 《Journal of Petrology》2007,48(11):2125-2148

Numerous, interconnected, granitic dikes (<30 cm in widthand hundeds of meters in length) cut Ferrar dolerite sills ofthe McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. The source of the graniticdikes is partial melting of granitic country rock, which tookplace in the crust at a depth of about 2–3 km adjacentto contacts with dolerite sills. Sustained flow of doleriticmagma through the sill generated a partial melting front thatpropagated into the granitic country rock. Granitic partialmelts segregated and collected at the contact in a melt-rich,nearly crystal-free reservoir adjacent to the initial doleritechilled margin. This dolerite chilled margin was subsequentlyfractured open in the fashion of a trapdoor by the graniticmelt, evacuating the reservoir to form an extensive complexof granitic dikes within the dolerite sills. At the time ofdike injection the dolerite was nearly solidified. Unusuallycomplete exposures allow the full physical and chemical processesof partial melting, segregation, and dike formation to be examinedin great detail. The compositions of the granitic dikes andthe textures of partially melted granitic wall rock suggestthat partial melting was characterized by disequilibrium mineraldissolution of dominantly quartz and alkali feldspar ratherthan by equilibrium melting. It is also unlikely that meltingoccurred under water-saturated conditions. The protolith granitecontains only 7 vol.% biotite and estimated contact temperaturesof 900–950°C suggest that melting was possible ina dry system. Granite partial melting, under closed conditions,extended tens of meters away from the dolerite sill, yet meltsegregation occurred only over less than one-half a meter fromthe dolerite chilled margin where the degree of partial meltingwas of the order of 50 vol.%. This segregation distance is consistentwith calculated length scales expected in a compaction-drivenprocess. We suggest that the driving force for compaction wasdifferential stress generated by a combination of volume expansionas a result of granite partial melting, contraction during doleritesolidification, and relaxation of the overpressure driving doleriteemplacement. On a purely chemical basis, the extent of meltsegregation necessary under fractional and batch melting tomatch the Rb concentrations between melt and parent rock isa maximum of 48 and 83 vol.% melt, respectively. KEY WORDS: Antarctica; dike injection; disequilibrium; granite partial melting; silicic melt segregation  相似文献   

Mantle metasomatism and generation of Early Permian ultramafic rocks in northern North China CratonSCIEI北大核心CSCD     

王志伟  孙瑜欣  朱泰昌  徐引  刘剑波  张立剑  李灿清  耿晓磊 《岩石学报》2023,(5):1387-1404

华北克拉通北部高寺台晚古生代环状杂岩体是一套富单斜辉石的超镁铁质岩,是研究华北北部地幔碳酸盐化熔体交代作用的理想对象,同时也是华北克拉通北部晚古生代岩浆活动与深部碳循环联系的纽带。作者在岩体西部边缘识别出一套早二叠世早期富铁角闪单斜辉石岩,形成时代为297.8±3.4Ma。结合岩体东部辉石岩早泥盆世和早石炭世的成岩年龄,表明高寺台超镁铁质杂岩体可能是晚古生代多期岩浆侵位的产物。其次,高寺台环状超镁铁质杂岩体缺少大面积辉长岩和闪长岩、硫化物和Cu-Ni-PGE矿化,单斜辉石成分具有裂谷带堆晶岩矿物特征,角闪石也具有相对低的结晶温度(933~947℃)和压力(287~323MPa)及水含量(4.06%~5.10%),而且区域上尚未发现同期环状杂岩体和蛇绿岩,与岛弧拼贴到陆块后沿俯冲带延伸数万米侵位的阿拉斯加型环状杂岩体明显不同。另外,前人的研究显示,与铬铁矿中富镁单斜辉石包裹体平衡的苦橄质母岩浆显示出OIB的特征,具有强烈的重稀土分馏、富Nb和高Nb/La,异常高的Ca/Al和(La/Yb)N,低的Ti/Eu、Zr/Sm和Hf/Sm,这些特征都表明苦橄质母岩浆起源于石榴石相软流圈地幔,且源区遭受过显著的碳酸盐熔体交代。单斜辉石岩中单斜辉石及角闪石成分及其平衡岩浆成分记录了母岩浆与岩石圈地幔相互作用后的岩浆演化过程,也显示出比母岩浆弱的源区碳酸盐熔体交代印记。此外,岩浆房在地壳浅部经历了多期深部岩浆补给和富铁熔体贯入,同时带来热量和挥发分,触发晶粥体活化,促进了岩浆的上升运移。高寺台环状超镁铁质杂岩体具有板内成因特征,可能是陆内岩石圈伸展的产物。华北克拉通北部晚石炭世-早二叠世三个岩浆事件峰期很好地对应着全球三次升温和CO_(2)回升事件,岩石圈伸展能有效促进强烈的中酸性岩浆活动及起源于碳酸盐化地幔的基性岩浆释放出大量的CO_(2),它们可能是晚石炭末期-早二叠世早期全球大气CO_(2)回升的贡献者之一。  相似文献   

准噶尔盆地乌—夏地区风城组云质岩类沉积环境及成因探讨     

刘英辉 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2022,52(1):80-93

准噶尔盆地乌—夏地区二叠系风城组发育一套特殊的云质岩类,其沉积环境及成因复杂,目前仍存在较多争议。本文基于岩心观察（13口井）与系统取样测试分析（64个样品）,揭示了目标层位云质岩的岩石学和地球化学特征,探讨了不同类型云质岩的沉积环境及成因机制。研究结果表明：根据云质岩宏观结构特征,风城组可识别纹层状、星散状、丝絮状、团块状和不规则层状5种云质岩类型;高δ13CPDB值（平均4.0‰）、高古盐度值（平均13.0%）和深水沉积构造等特征表明目标层位沉积环境具有陆相低能、深水还原和咸水高矿化度等特点;纹层状云质岩为“高山深盆”盐湖卤水分层形成的准同生白云岩,团块状、不规则层状、丝絮状和星散状云质岩为埋藏交代白云岩。  相似文献   

典型融雪期雪层融雪水出流条件模拟及分析     

张波  刘志辉  高云  房世峰 《干旱区地理》2015,38(3)

融雪期雪层融雪水的运移及流出过程模拟乃是国际冰雪水文学研究的难点之一,准确模拟融雪水的出流过程对于春季融雪型洪水的预报具有重要作用。本研究基于EM50、农业小环境监测仪和一些常规监测手段,获取了典型融雪期雪层的雪粒径、雪深及日气温数据,利用Excel、DPS、Arcgis及SPSS等分析软件对数据进行综合处理,并采用回归分析对融雪水的出流条件进行了建模分析,利用神经网络模型对模拟结果进行检验。结果表明:积温可作为融雪水外流的参考性指标,用于融雪水外流过程的预测分析;雪粒径和雪深都与融雪水外流积温条件存在显著相关性,且相关系数0.96;逐步回归可以很好地模拟融雪水外流的积温条件,模拟的误差仅为124.5℃·min,时间误差为15 min,模拟效果良好。该研究对于进一步探讨融雪期雪层融雪水的出流规律、开展雪层融雪水运移过程的数值模拟等工作具有重要意义。  相似文献   

Effect of climate change on runoff of a glacierized Himalayan basin     

Pratap Singh  Manohar Arora  N. K. Goel 《水文研究》2006,20(9):1979-1992

The continuous increase in the emission of greenhouse gases has resulted in global warming, and substantial changes in the global climate are expected by the end of the current century. The reductions in mass, volume, area and length of glaciers on the global scale are considered as clear signals of a warmer climate. The increased rate of melting under a warmer climate has resulted in the retreating of glaciers. On the long‐term scale, greater melting of glaciers during the coming years could lead to the depletion of available water resources and influence water flows in rivers. It is also very likely that such changes have occurred in Himalayan glaciers, but might have gone unnoticed or not studied in detail. The water resources of the Himalayan region may also be highly vulnerable to such climate changes, because more than 50% of the water resources of India are located in the various tributaries of the Ganges, Indus and the Brahmaputra river system, which are highly dependent on snow and glacier runoff. In the present study, the snowmelt model SNOWMOD has been used to simulate the melt runoff from a highly glacierized small basin for the summer season. The model simulated the distribution and volume of runoff with reasonably good accuracy. Based on a 2‐year simulation, it is found that, on average, the contributions of glacier melt and rainfall in the total runoff are 87% and 13% respectively. The impact of climate change on the monthly distribution of runoff and total summer runoff has been studied with respect to plausible scenarios of temperature and rainfall, both individually and in combined scenarios. The analysis included six temperature scenarios ranging between 0·5 and 3 °C, and four rainfall scenarios (?10%, ?5%, 5%, 10%). The combined scenarios were generated using temperature and rainfall scenarios. The combined scenarios represented a combination of warmer and drier and a combination of warmer and wetter conditions in the study area. The results indicate that, for the study basin, runoff increased linearly with increase in temperature and rainfall. For a temperature rise of 2 °C, the increase in summer streamflow is computed to be about 28%. Changes in rainfall by ±10% resulted in corresponding changes in streamflow by ±3·5%. For the range of climatic scenarios considered, the changes in runoff are more sensitive to changes in temperature, compared with rainfall, which is likely due to the major contribution of melt water in runoff. Such studies are needed for proper assessment of available water resources under a changing climate in the Himalayan region. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

FTIR Spectrum of Phenocryst Olivine as an Indicator of Silica Saturation in Magmas   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

MATVEEV  S.; PORTNYAGIN  M.; BALLHAUS  C.; BROOKER  R.; GEIGER  C. A. 《Journal of Petrology》2005,46(3):603-614

Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectra of hydroxylwere measured on olivine phenocrysts from hydrous basaltic meltsthat originated in island-arc tectonic settings. The basalticmelts encompass a wide range of silica activities from orthopyroxene-saturatedhypersthene-normative to nepheline-normative compositions. Theintensities and wavenumber placement of hydroxyl absorptionbands correlate with the degree of silica saturation of theparent melt from which the olivine crystallized. Olivines fromsilica-undersaturated nepheline-normative melts absorb IR radiationin the wavenumber range 3430–3590 cm^–1 (Group 1).In contrast, olivines from orthopyroxene-saturated boniniticmelts exhibit hydroxyl absorption bands in the wavenumber range3285–3380 cm^–1 (Group 2). Olivines crystallizedat intermediate silica activities exhibit a combination of thetwo groups of hydroxyl IR bands, where the proportion of Group2 bands increases with increasing silica saturation of the parentmelt. The positions of hydroxyl absorption peaks observed herefor natural samples are consistent with previous measurementson experimentally annealed olivines. Thus protonation experimentscan be employed to make spectroscopically dry olivine structuresvisible by IR, yielding information on the silica saturationof the parental magmas. Hydroxyl concentrations in the studiedolivines were estimated to be 1–2 ppm, corresponding toan olivine–melt partition coefficient of (1·0 ±0·3) x 10^–4. KEY WORDS: nominally anhydrous minerals; olivine; water; mantle; silica activity; melt inclusions  相似文献   

Volcanism in the Vitim Volcanic Field, Siberia: Geochemical Evidence for a Mantle Plume Beneath the Baikal Rift Zone   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  

JOHNSON  J. S.; GIBSON  S. A.; THOMPSON  R. N.; NOWELL  G. M. 《Journal of Petrology》2005,46(7):1309-1344

The Baikal Rift is a zone of active lithospheric extension adjacentto the Siberian Craton. The 6–16 Myr old Vitim VolcanicField (VVF) lies approximately 200 km east of the rift axisand consists of 5000 km³ of melanephelinites, basanites, alkaliand tholeiitic basalts, and minor nephelinites. In the volcanicpile, 142 drill core samples were used to study temporal andspatial variations. Variations in major element abundances (e.g.MgO = 3·3–14·6 wt %) reflect polybaric fractionalcrystallization of olivine, clinopyroxene and plagioclase. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_i(0·7039–0·7049), ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd_i (0·5127–0·5129)and ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf_i (0·2829–0·2830) ratiosare similar to those for ocean island basalts and suggest thatthe magmas have not assimilated significant amounts of continentalcrust. Variable degrees of partial melting appear to be responsiblefor differences in Na₂O, P₂O₅, K₂O and incompatible trace elementabundances in the most primitive (high-MgO) magmas. Fractionatedheavy rare earth element (HREE) ratios (e.g. [Gd/Lu]_n > 2·5)indicate that the parental magmas of the Vitim lavas were predominantlygenerated within the garnet stability field. Forward major elementand REE inversion models suggest that the tholeiitic and alkalibasalts were generated by decompression melting of a fertileperidotite source within the convecting mantle beneath Vitim.Ba/Sr ratios and negative K anomalies in normalized multi-elementplots suggest that phlogopite was a residual mantle phase duringthe genesis of the nephelinites and basanites. Relatively highlight REE (LREE) abundances in the silica-undersaturated meltsrequire a metasomatically enriched lithospheric mantle source.Results of forward major element modelling suggest that meltingof phlogopite-bearing pyroxenite veins could explain the majorelement composition of these melts. In support of this, pyroxenitexenoliths have been found in the VVF. High Cenozoic mantle potentialtemperatures (1450°C) predicted from geochemical modellingsuggest the presence of a mantle plume beneath the Baikal RiftZone. KEY WORDS: Baikal Rift; mafic magmatism; mantle plume; metasomatism; partial melting  相似文献   

P–T–fluid evolution in the Mahalapye Complex, Limpopo high-grade terrane, eastern Botswana     

K. HISADA  L. L. PERCHUK  T. V. GERYA  D. D. VAN REENEN  B. K. PAYA 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2005,23(5):313-334

Metapelites, migmatites and granites from the c. 2 Ga Mahalapye Complex have been studied for determining the P–T–fluid influence on mineral assemblages and local equilibrium compositions in the rocks from the extreme southwestern part of the Central Zone of the Limpopo high‐grade terrane in Botswana. It was found that fluid infiltration played a leading role in the formation of the rocks. This conclusion is based on both well‐developed textures inferred to record metasomatic reactions, such as Bt ? And + Qtz + (K₂O) and Bt ± Qtz ? Sil + Kfs + Ms ± Pl, and zonation of Ms | Bt + Qtz | And + Qtz and Grt | Crd | Pl | Kfs + Qtz reflecting a perfect mobility (Korzhinskii terminology) of some chemical components. The conclusion is also supported by the results of a fluid inclusion study. CO₂ and H₂O ( = 0.6) are the major components of the fluid. The fluid has been trapped synchronously along the retrograde P–T path. The P–T path was derived using mineral thermobarometry and a combination of mineral thermometry and fluid inclusion density data. The Mahalapye Complex experienced low‐pressure granulite facies metamorphism with a retrograde evolution from 770 °C and 5.5 kbar to 560 °C and 2 kbar, presumably at c. 2 Ga.  相似文献   

Bulk-rock Major and Trace Element Compositions of Abyssal Peridotites: Implications for Mantle Melting, Melt Extraction and Post-melting Processes Beneath Mid-Ocean Ridges   总被引：26，自引：2，他引：24  

NIU  YAOLING 《Journal of Petrology》2004,45(12):2423-2458

This paper presents the first comprehensive major and traceelement data for 130 abyssal peridotite samples from the Pacificand Indian ocean ridge–transform systems. The data revealimportant features about the petrogenesis of these rocks, mantlemelting and melt extraction processes beneath ocean ridges,and elemental behaviours. Although abyssal peridotites are serpentinized,and have also experienced seafloor weathering, magmatic signaturesremain well preserved in the bulk-rock compositions. The betterinverse correlation of MgO with progressively heavier rare earthelements (REE) reflects varying amounts of melt depletion. Thismelt depletion may result from recent sub-ridge mantle melting,but could also be inherited from previous melt extraction eventsfrom the fertile mantle source. Light REE (LREE) in bulk-rocksamples are more enriched, not more depleted, than in the constituentclinopyroxenes (cpx) of the same sample suites. If the cpx LREErecord sub-ridge mantle melting processes, then the bulk-rockLREE must reflect post-melting refertilization. The significantcorrelations of LREE (e.g. La, Ce, Pr, Nd) with immobile highfield strength elements (HFSE, e.g. Nb and Zr) suggest thatenrichments of both LREE and HFSE resulted from a common magmaticprocess. The refertilization takes place in the ‘cold’thermal boundary layer (TBL) beneath ridges through which theascending melts migrate and interact with the advanced residues.The refertilization apparently did not affect the cpx relicsanalyzed for trace elements. This observation suggests grain-boundaryporous melt migration in the TBL. The ascending melts may notbe thermally ‘reactive’, and thus may have affectedonly cpx rims, which, together with precipitated olivine, entrappedmelt, and the rest of the rock, were subsequently serpentinized.Very large variations in bulk-rock Zr/Hf and Nb/Ta ratios areobserved, which are unexpected. The correlation between thetwo ratios is consistent with observations on basalts that D_Zr/D_Hf< 1 and D_Nb/D_Ta < 1. Given the identical charges (5⁺ forNb and Ta; 4⁺ for Zr and Hf) and essentially the same ionicradii (R_Nb/R_Ta = 1·000 and R_Zr/R_Hf = 1·006–1·026),yet a factor of 2 mass differences (M_Zr/M_Hf = 0·511 andM_Nb/M_Ta = 0·513), it is hypothesized that mass-dependentD values, or diffusion or mass-transfer rates may be importantin causing elemental fractionations during porous melt migrationin the TBL. It is also possible that some ‘exotic’phases with highly fractionated Zr/Hf and Nb/Ta ratios may existin these rocks, thus having ‘nugget’ effects onthe bulk-rock analyses. All these hypotheses need testing byconstraining the storage and distribution of all the incompatibletrace elements in mantle peridotite. As serpentine containsup to 13 wt % H₂O, and is stable up to 7 GPa before it is transformedto dense hydrous magnesium silicate phases that are stable atpressures of 5–50 GPa, it is possible that the serpentinizedperidotites may survive, at least partly, subduction-zone dehydration,and transport large amounts of H₂O (also Ba, Rb, Cs, K, U, Sr,Pb, etc. with elevated U/Pb ratios) into the deep mantle. Thelatter may contribute to the HIMU component in the source regionsof some oceanic basalts. KEY WORDS: abyssal peridotites; serpentinization; seafloor weathering; bulk-rock major and trace element compositions; mantle melting; melt extraction; melt–residue interaction; porous flows; Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf fractionations; HIMU mantle sources  相似文献   

Multi-Stage Modification of the Northern Slave Mantle Lithosphere: Evidence from Zircon- and Diamond-Bearing Eclogite Xenoliths Entrained in Jericho Kimberlite, Canada   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

HEAMAN  LARRY M.; CREASER  ROBERT A.; COOKENBOO  HARRISON O.; CHACKO  TOM 《Journal of Petrology》2006,47(4):821-858

The Jericho kimberlites are part of a small Jurassic kimberlitecluster in the northern Slave craton, Canada. A variety of datingtechniques were applied to constrain the nature and age of twoJericho kimberlites, JD-1 (170·2 ± 4·3Ma Rb–Sr phlogopite megacrysts, 172·8 ±0·7 Ma U–Pb eclogite rutile, 178 ± 5 MaU–Pb eclogite zircon lower intercept) and JD-3 (173 ±2 Ma Rb–Sr phlogopite megacryst; 176·6 ±3·2 Ma U–Pb perovskite), and all yielded identicalresults within analytical uncertainty. As there is no discernibledifference in the radiometric ages obtained for these two pipes,the composite Rb–Sr phlogopite megacryst date of 173·1± 1·3 Ma is interpreted as the best estimate forthe emplacement age of both Jericho pipes. The initial Sr isotopecomposition of 0·7053 ± 0·0003 derivedfrom phlogopite megacrysts overlaps the range (0·7043–0·7084)previously reported for Jericho whole-rocks. These strontiumisotope data, combined with the radiogenic initial ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pbratio of 18·99 ± 0·33 obtained in thisstudy, indicate that the Jericho kimberlites are isotopicallysimilar to Group 1 kimberlites as defined in southern Africa.The Jericho kimberlites are an important new source of mantlexenoliths that hold clues to the nature of the Slave cratonsubcontinental mantle. A high proportion (30%) of the Jerichomantle xenolith population consists of various eclogite typesincluding a small number (2–3%) of apatite-, diamond-,kyanite- and zircon-bearing eclogites. The most striking aspectof the Jericho zircon-bearing eclogite xenoliths is their peculiargeochemistry. Reconstructed whole-rock compositions indicatethat they were derived from protoliths with high FeO, Al₂O₃and Na₂O contents, reflected in the high-FeO (22·6–27·5wt %) nature of garnet and the high-Na₂O (8·47–9·44wt %) and high-Al₂O₃ (13·12–14·33 wt %)character of the clinopyroxene. These eclogite whole-rock compositionsare highly enriched in high field strength elements (HFSE) suchas Nb (133–1134 ppm), Ta (5–28 ppm), Zr (1779–4934ppm) and Hf (23–64 ppm). This HFSE enrichment is linkedto growth of large (up to 2 mm) zircon and niobian rutile crystals(up to 3 modal %) near the time of eclogite metamorphism. Thediamond-bearing eclogites on the other hand are characterizedby high-MgO (19·6–21·3 wt %) garnet andultralow-Na₂O (0·44–1·50 wt %) clinopyroxene.Paleotemperature estimates indicate that both the zircon- anddiamond-bearing eclogites have similar equilibration temperaturesof 950–1020°C and 990–1030°C, respectively,corresponding to mantle depths of 150–180 km. Integrationof petrographic, whole-rock and mineral geochemistry, geochronologyand isotope tracer techniques indicates that the Jericho zircon-bearingeclogite xenoliths have had a complex history involving Paleoproterozoicmetamorphism, thermal perturbations, and two or more episodesof Precambrian mantle metasomatism. The oldest metasomatic event(Type 1) occurred near the time of Paleoproterozoic metamorphism(1·8 Ga) and is responsible for the extreme HFSE enrichmentand growth of zircon and high-niobian rutile. A second thermalperturbation and concomitant carbonatite metasomatism (Type2) is responsible for significant apatite growth in some xenolithsand profound light rare earth element enrichment. Type 2 metasomatismoccurred in the period 1·0–1·3 Ga and isrecorded by relatively consistent whole-rock eclogite modelNd ages and secondary U–Pb zircon upper intercept dates.These eclogite xenoliths were derived from a variety of protoliths,some of which could represent metasomatized pieces of oceaniccrust, possibly linked to east-dipping subduction beneath theSlave craton during construction of the 1·88–1·84Ga Great Bear continental arc. Others, including the diamond-bearingeclogites, could be cumulates from mafic or ultramafic sillcomplexes that intruded the Slave lithospheric mantle at depthsof about 150–180 km. KEY WORDS: zircon- and diamond-bearing eclogites; Jericho kimberlite, geochronology; Precambrian metasomatism, northern Slave Craton  相似文献