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31.
Properties of debris flow deposits and source materials compared: implications for debris flow characterization 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In the Alps, debris flow deposits generally contain <5% clay‐size particles, and the role of the surface‐charged <2 μm particles is often neglected, although these particles may have a significant impact on the rheological properties of the interstitial fluid. The objective of this study was to compare debris flow deposits and parent materials from two neighbouring catchments of the Swiss Alps, with special emphasis on the colloidal constituents. The catchments are small in area (4 km2), 2·5 km long, similar in morphology, but different in geology. The average slopes are 35–40%. The catchments were monitored for debris flow events and mapped for surface aspect and erosion activity. Debris flow deposits and parent materials were sampled, the clay and silt fractions extracted and the bulk density, <2 mm fraction bulk density, particle size distribution, chemical composition, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and mineralogy analysed. The results show that the deposits are similar to the parent screes in terms of chemical composition, but differ in terms of: (i) particle size distribution; and (ii) mineralogy, reactivity and density of the <2 mm fraction. In this fraction, compared with the parent materials the deposits show dense materials enriched in coarse monocrystalline particles, of which the smallest and more reactive particles were leached. The results suggest that deposit samples should not be considered as representative of source or flow materials, particularly with respect to their physical properties. 相似文献
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Material collected over a month on plates attached to the bed of the Afon Goch, Anglesey, a stream highly contaminated by acid mine drainage (AMD), was either examined intact by electron microscopy or suspended and cultured to reveal the presence of microbiota. Certain of the aerobic microbiota were identified, the genus Pseudomonas formed the commonest isolate and cultures of Serratia plymuthica were grown in order to compare the biofilms formed with the material collected in the Afon Goch. The material at the sediment–water interface of the Afon Goch was of similar underlying morphology to that of the cultured biofilms. However, the former had a superficial granular coating of equidimensional (60–100 nm) and evenly spaced iron rich particles (determined by X-ray microanalysis). The sediment–water interface of this AMD-contaminated stream is therefore best described as a highly contaminated biofilm. Evidence from previous work suggests that the streambed is active in iron removal from the water column. The intimate association of iron with microbiota at the streambed, therefore, implies that iron flux prediction may not be possible from physical and chemical data alone but requires knowledge of biofilm physiology and ecology. Microbially mediated metal precipitation, both by single bacteria and by biofilms, has been reported elsewhere but mass balance considerations suggest that this explanation cannot hold good for the large amounts of iron hydroxide depositing from waters of the prevalent pH and redox status. Filtered stream water analyses indicate the presence of colloidal iron hydroxide and also its removal downstream where ochreous (iron hydroxide rich) material accumulates. The process of iron immobilization is likely to be the attraction and physical trapping of colloidal iron hydroxide by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) which constitute the matrix of biofilms. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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海洋有机质的光谱分析方法评述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
海洋有机质的光谱分析已成为海洋碳循环的研究热点之一。本文从天然有机质吸收光谱和荧光光谱分析的基本原理入手,系统梳理了有机质光谱分析中容易被忽视的基本概念,讨论了过滤与保存方式、p H值、荧光内滤效应等对有机质光谱分析的影响。结合色氨酸、酪氨酸、腐殖酸及大量现场样品的实验结果,对吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱的不同解析方法进行了系统的分析与对比。基于在南海、西菲律宾海获取的现场调查数据,对于文献中常用的荧光指数(FI)、腐殖化指数(HIX)、自生源指数(BIX)等光谱参数的内在含义及其在海洋环境中的适用性进行了评述。此外,还归纳和总结了胶体有机质和颗粒有机质荧光分析的最新进展,并对今后在光谱分析与观测领域有待完善和突破的一些关键领域进行了展望。 相似文献
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利用切向超滤技术对九龙江口天然水体中胶体相(1 kDa～0. 45μm)、真溶解相(1 kDa)和"溶解相"(0. 45μm)的溶解有机碳和无机氮进行了分离与提取,初步探讨了水环境因子对其理化特性的影响机制,进而探讨了它们的来源和转化.结果表明,切向超滤过程的膜空白和质量平衡符合技术要求;溶解有机碳、亚硝酸盐氮、氨氮、硝酸盐氮和无机氮存在形式以真溶液相(1 kDa)为主,其在胶体相中的质量浓度分别为0. 207～0. 810 mg/dm3、0. 001～1. 870μg/dm3、ND～2. 08μg/dm3、0. 62～79. 30μg/dm3和1. 07～81. 10μg/dm3;胶体态溶解有机碳(COC)含量主要受陆源输入控制. 相似文献
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相山铀矿田特富矿成矿模式 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
相山铀矿田是我国最大的火山热液型铀矿田之一。大量的电子探针测试揭示该矿田特富铀矿体中普遍存在铀矿物与氟碳磷灰石紧密共生,对特富铀矿石的化学分析也显示铀含量与P2O5和CaO呈大体正相关关系。进一步研究表明磷、铀具有相似的地球化学特性并在热液条件下可以共迁移、共沉淀,据此作者提出：磷、铀胶体共沉淀是该区特富矿形成的主要机理。对采自相山盆地邻区地幔捕虏体研究证实地幔流体与相山矿田铀成矿热液化学成分具有相似性：即富含钾、钠离子和还原性气体。对相山铀矿田He、Ar同位素研究进一步证实该矿田铀成矿热液中有地幔流体参与。配合其他方面的研究,在本区首次提出特富矿铀成矿模式。 相似文献
36.
建立了基于离心超滤技术的近岸海水中络合态铁(Fe)粒径分级方法。经0.45μm滤膜过滤的海水样品,分别用不同孔径(3 k Da、10 k Da、30 k Da、100 k Da)的超滤膜离心超滤并脱盐。不同分子量范围的化合物富集于相应孔径的超滤膜上,以酸溶液提取出Fe,用原子吸收光谱法(GFAAS)测定。在优化的条件下,方法检测限为0.10μg·L-1,线性范围0.25~10μg·L-1,4组不同孔径超滤膜测定同一份样品的相对标准偏差(RSD)为6.4%~10.3%。本方法成功应用于福建九龙江口至厦门西海域水样的测定,结果显示各分子量范围内的络合态Fe含量随盐度增高而降低,且呈非保守分布的变化趋势。 相似文献
37.
Shinji Ohsawa Takao Kawamura Nobuki Takamatsu Yuki Yusa 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2002,113(1-2)
Thermal waters in hydrothermal ponds, bathing pools and the brines of geothermal electric power plants commonly have a characteristic blue color. Although many researchers have assumed that the blue color is due to a colloidal suspension and/or absorption by dissolved ferrous iron or by water itself, there has been no specific effort to identify the physical nature of this phenomenon. We have tested, in synthetic and natural solutions, whether aqueous colloidal silica is responsible for the blue color. Aqueous colloidal silica is formed by silica polymerization in thermal waters of the neutral-chloride type which contain initially monomeric silica in concentrations up to three times above the solubilities of amorphous silica. The hue of the blue thermal waters in the pools tested agrees with that of a synthesized colloidal silica solution. Grain-size analyses of aqueous colloidal silica in the blue-colored thermal waters demonstrate that the color is caused by Rayleigh scattering from aqueous colloidal silica particles with diameters (0.1–0.45 μm) smaller than the wavelengths of visible radiation. 相似文献
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39.
高分子保护金属铜胶体催化剂的制备 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
研究了无氮气保护下胶体铜催化剂的制备方法和反应条件,在聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)保护下,用水合肼还原CuCl2,在80℃和pH=7.0±0.5条件下,可制得比较稳定的胶体铜溶液。改变PVP的分子量或PVP/Cu2 的摩尔比,可制得不同粒度的金属胶体铜。保护剂PVP的分子量越小,PVP/Cu2 的摩尔比越大,所得胶体铜粒径越小。用所得的胶体铜催化丙烯腈水合制备丙烯酰胺具有很高的活性。 相似文献
40.
Eu3+水合离子在纳米二氧化硅表面的吸附与结构 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用发射光谱研究了不同pH和不同Eu初始浓度条件下,Eu在纳米二氧化硅-水界面的吸附特征。研究发现,当pH低时,Eu在纳米二氧化硅表面的吸附很少,随着pH的增加,Eu在纳米二氧化硅表面的吸附急剧增加,当出〉6时,几乎所有Eu都被吸附。研究同时表明,吸附在纳米二氧化硅与水界面的Eu离子种类也取决于pH值：当pH〈5时,吸附的Eu主要为Eu^3＋水合离子,当pH〉5时,吸附的Eu主要为Eu（CO3）^＋,甚至Eu（CO3）2^-离子。吸附的机理除了静电吸引外,更重要的是这些离子与纳米二氧化硅表面形成化学键,即表面化学吸附。 相似文献