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Except for the fringing reef, the limestones of Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean are of Late Eocene (Tertiary “b") and Early Miocene (Tertiary “e” to “f") age. The Upper Eocene limestone is an algal limestone containing Discocyclina, Nummulites, and Heterostegina. The Lower Miocene limestone is an algal limestone containing in its lower part species of Lepidocyclina (Eulepidina) followed by Miogypsinoides dehaarti. Miogypsinoides dehaarti extends into the zone of Flosculinella bontangensis. No rocks younger than Burdigalian were identified other than on the fringing reef which contains an assemblage of Pliocene‐Pleistocene Foraminifera. 相似文献
55.
We identify and describe a series of east–west left-lateral strike-slip faults (named the Songino-Margats, the Hag Nuur, the Uliastay and the South Hangay fault systems) in the Hangay mountains of central Mongolia: an area that has little in the way of recorded seismicity and which is often considered as a rigid block within the India–Eurasia collision zone. The strike-slip faults of central Mongolia constitute a previously unrecognized hazard in this part of Mongolia. Each of the strike-slip faults show indications of late Quaternary activity in the form of aligned sequences of sag-ponds and pressure-ridges developed in alluvial deposits. Total bed-rock displacements of ∼3 km are measured on both the Songino-Margats and South Hangay fault systems. Bed-rock displacements of 11 km are observed across the Hag Nuur fault. Cumulative offset across the Uliastay fault systems are unknown but are unlikely to be large. We have no quantitative constraint on the age of faulting in the Hangay. The ≤20 km of cumulative slip on the Hangay faults might, at least in part, be inherited from earlier tectonic movements. Our observations show that, despite the almost complete absence of instrumentally recorded seismicity in the Hangay, this part of Mongolia is cut through by numerous distributed strike-slip faults that accommodate regional left-lateral shear between Siberia and China. Central Mongolia is thus an important component of the India–Eurasia collision that would be overlooked in models of the active tectonics based on the distribution of seismicity. We suggest that active faults such as those identified in the Hangay of Mongolia might exist in other, apparently aseismic, regions within continental collision zones. 相似文献
56.
Thiago C. Bertani Dilce F. Rossetti Ericson H. Hayakawa Marcelo C. L. Cohen 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2015,40(3):285-292
Fluvial rias are elongated lakes at tributary mouths that can reach dozens of kilometers in length, constituting one of the most remarkable features in the Amazonian landscape. Thus far, definitive data which documents the genesis of fluvial rias have not been published. The main goal of this work was to integrate morphological, sedimentological and chronological information in order to characterize fluvial paleorias in the interfluve of the Purus and Madeira Rivers and discuss the most likely hypothesis for their genesis. These paleorias were first observed through remote sensing imagery as several elongated and interconnecting belts of open vegetation that are in sharp contact with the surrounding dense forest. The belts are branched and form a dendritic pattern similar to many modern drainage networks. The sedimentary record of these belts revealed the prevalence of sharp‐based sandstones and mudstones arranged into fining‐upward successions, which are compatible with deposition within channels. Active channel and abandoned channel deposits were recognized. These are topped by continuous mudstones related to rapid channel abandonment and formation of a low energy basin or ria environment. Radiocarbon dating of these deposits recorded only Late Pleistocene and Holocene ages ranging from 21 547–22 285 cal yr bp to 5928–6124 cal yr bp . This chronology for sediment deposition is not compatible with the hypothesis of Amazonian rias being formed by fluvial erosion during the Last Glaciation Maximum low sea level, with sediment accumulation during the subsequent Holocene transgression. Instead, the studied paleorias record previous tributaries of the Madeira River that became abandoned as the position of this river shifted southeastward and its interfluve tilted northward, inverting the drainage systems. Therefore, a neotectonic origin of some Amazonian paleorias seems most likely. This hypothesis should be considered in further investigations aiming at understanding the origin of numerous modern fluvial rias that typify the Amazonian landscape. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
57.
渤海湾地区广泛分布的古海面标志物,为建立该地区的相对海面变化曲线提供了良好的基础。过去20年来该地区已相继建立了一些相对海面变化曲线,但在讨论影响古海面标志物高程的因素时,未将构造活动与水动型海面变化及均衡作用对高程的贡献量加以区分。文章以该地区7个点的古海面标志物及相关层位的高程测量与年代学测定结果,经与地区性预测海面变化曲线进行对比后,定量讨论了该地区海面变化(包括绝对海面变化与冰川、水均衡作用)与构造活动对古海面标志物高程的贡献;并以壳体的稳定同位素、地层记录与古地震研究资料讨论了牡蛎礁体在建礁过程中所记录的构造下沉。 相似文献
58.
新构造填图方法探索、应用与实践——以内蒙古呼勒斯太苏木图幅1:5万填图试点为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
新构造调查是研究地壳运动规律、地质灾害、环境地质和地壳稳定性评价等的基础,具有重要的理论和实际意义,是区域地质填图重点内容之一。内蒙古呼勒斯太苏木图幅1:5万填图试点区,位于阴山—河套盆地结合带,新构造活动频繁,地层结构复杂,构造地貌形态丰富,山前断裂广泛发育,是调查研究新构造运动的理想场所。本研究在前人区调方法理论基础上,针对新生代地层、断裂、构造地貌等不同的新构造填图对象,分别使用遥感解译+野外路线调查+剖面(含钻孔剖面)实测+年代学方法、遥感解译+野外追索调查+综合地球物理+地球化学+地质雷达探测+探槽揭露+三维激光扫描+年代学方法、遥感解译+野外调查实测+年代学等不同的技术方法组合进行了调查研究,并参照《区域地质调查总则》(1∶50000)、《1:50000区域地质调查技术要求(暂行)》等有关技术要求,采用数字填图技术,将填图成果直观、丰富、详细的表达在地质图上,该新构造填图技术方法组合,不仅是对新构造填图方法的有效探索,也为其它地区新一轮大比例尺新构造填图提供了重要参考。 相似文献
59.
活断层的定义与分类——历史、现状和进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
活断层是在最近地质时期持续活动, 并且未来仍将活动的断裂。活断层作为破坏性地震的主要危险源及其可能衍生的多种潜在灾害作用, 意味着它的存在对所在区域的城镇发展和重要基础设施建设都存在难以回避的灾害风险问题。而中国是世界上活断层数量多且遭受相关灾害影响特别严重的国家之一, 如何科学评价活断层危险性且有效减轻相关的灾害风险必然是我国经济社会发展中长期面临的重大课题。而活断层定义和分类是评价活断层灾害风险的重要依据。在全面系统地梳理分析国内外在这一领域的历史与现状基础上, 介绍并总结了代表性国家和地区、相关的规范标准以及活断层编图与空间数据库建设工程等所采用的活断层定义和分类方案。综合分析与对比结果表明, 在制定科学合理的活断层定义及分类方案时,必须综合考虑区域的现今构造动力学背景、现有技术手段及地质上的可操作性、应用目的和社会对活断层风险的可接受程度等因素。活断层定义的关键是过去活动时限及潜在发震能力的选择或确定, 前者涉及“新构造、第四纪、晚第四纪、全新世和历史上”共5个不同时间尺度, 后者包括“M≥5.0的破坏性地震、M≥6.0的强震和M≥6.5的可能产生地表位移或变形的地震”共3类。晚第四纪和全新世等短时间尺度的活断层定义适合应用于构造活动强烈的板块边界带, 但第四纪和新构造等长时间尺度的活断层定义在板内变形区和稳定大陆区, 或包含了多种不同活动构造域的区域更为可取。而M≥5.0地震适用于作为区域性防震减灾的震级标准, M≥6.5地震一般可作为活断层避让规范或法规中的标准。国内外最常见的活断层分类方案是基于断裂活动强度与频度(主要通过断层滑动速率与地震复发间隔两个定量参数来体现)和活动时代的分类。但在确定不同级别断层的具体定量参数时, 需要综合考虑区域内主要活断层活动强度和活动时代的差异性与现有数据的多寡及有效性, 从而达到分类方案可有效区分不同级别活动断裂的目的。另外, 活断层评价中还经常涉及活断层的活动性与危险性问题, 前者反映的是断裂过去的活动状态, 主要通过断层的最新活动时间、平均滑动速率和大地震平均复发间隔等定量参数体现, 而断层的危险性主要针对的是活断层在人类社会所关心时段内或工程寿命期内, 断裂活动可能造成的灾害及其风险程度, 需要在判定断裂活动性基础上, 进一步明确未来强震可能出现的位置、震级的大小、地表断层的分布以及一旦发生强震可能造成的地质灾害类型及分布等, 通过合理区分出断层的危险性为政府管理部门和工程规划建设部门有效减轻、防控或管理活断层灾害风险提供更具实用性的依据。目前, 世界上活断层比较发育且灾害影响显著的典型国家和地区都十分重视全国范围内的活断层普查工作, 并把综合编制可更新的且公开共享的全国性活断层图及空间数据库作为长期且重要的基础地质工作, 以及有效应对活断层灾害风险和服务社会的重要方式。其中美国西部地州和新西兰等制定的活断层避让法规或规范, 非常值得活断层数量多且相关灾害问题突出的中国或类似的国家和地区借鉴。 相似文献
60.
Iain S. Stewart Callum R. Firth Derek J. Rust Philip E.F. Collins Judith A. Firth 《Journal of Seismology》2001,5(3):307-328
The Kinloch Hourn fault is the most prominent of a number of suspectedpostglacial faults in the western Scottish Highlands. These faults areinterpreted to have been reactivated by repeated large (M > 6)palaeoseismic events following deglaciation 10,000–13,000 years ago.Based on inferred deflections of drainage courses, previous studies of thefault have estimated 160 ± 40 m cumulative left-lateral displacementalong a 14 km long active segment during postglacial times. Reportedsoft-sediment deformation phenomena imply that activity on the KinlochHourn fault has persisted into the late Holocene, with the most recentmovement having been associated with a magnitude 5.5–6.0 surface-faultingevent between 3500 and 2400 years ago. The marked contrast betweensuch palaeoseismic activity and the present-day seismic quiescence ofwestern Scotland has stimulated this critical reappraisal of the KinlochHourn fault.This paper reassesses the key lines of evidence for postglacial fault activityand palaeoseismicty on the Kinloch Hourn fault, combining the analysis of1:15,000-scale air photos, field-based geomorphic mapping andpalaeoenvironmental investigations. Our reappraisal of inferred drainagedeflections across the fault contends that previous reports of significant(102 m) left-lateral slip on the fault during the Holocene arespurious. Instead, incidences of Holocene channel abandonment along thefault line are non-synchronous and probably reflect non-tectonic drainagechanges. The timing of soft-sediment deformation in the vicinity of the faultis revised to an early Holocene date (8990–8580 calendar years BP), whichis in accord with both the palaeoenvironmental history of the site andconsistent with published ages of earthquake-induced liquefactionphenomena documented elsewhere in western Scotland. An alleged recent(post-2400 radiocarbon years BP) ground rupture on the fault isquestioned in the light of uncertainty about both the nature of the faultedsoil deposit and the late Holocene age attributed to it.The study concludes that there is no convincing evidence for postglacialsurface rupture on the Kinloch Hourn fault and speculates that the casefor significant (101–102 m) postglacial movement on otherfaults in western Scotland may be similarly `unproven'. 相似文献