西北太平洋温带气旋爆发性发展的热力-动力学分析   总被引：8，自引：4，他引：4  

黄立文  仪清菊  秦曾灏  宇如聪 《气象学报》1999,57(5):581-592

利用天气、位涡分析和导出的Lagrangian型广义Z－O发展方程的诊断分析,考查了两个西北太平洋温带气旋爆发件发展的主要强迫机制和热力一动力空;司结构。结果表明,热力强迫对爆发性气旋发展起主要控制作用,当反映大气斜乐性的Laplacian温度平流、积云对流和湍流加热为主的热力强迫共同作用使地转相对涡度急剧增长时,气旋便出现了爆发性发展,其中积二尺度的对流加热贡献更大。Laplacian绝热冷却、大气向海洋的感热输送和摩擦效应起阻滞发展的作用,也是控制气旋衰亡的主要过程。爆发性发展启动同子因例而异,涡度平流、Laplacian温度平流和Laplacian大尺度加热均可成为主要启动因子。垂直积分平均分布和垂直结构考查进一步佐证了诊断分析的结果,并揭示了气旋爆发性发展过程中一些重要的热力-动力学分布特征。  相似文献   

坡缕石吸附水中阳离子桃红FG染料的热力学研究   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7  

彭书传  王诗生  陈天虎  崔康平  庆承松  徐晓春  史晓莉 《矿物学报》2005,25(2):113-117

研究了纯坡缕石对水中阳离子桃红FG染料的吸附热力学及其机理。结果表明：在298．328K和实验浓度范围内,纯坡缕石对水中阳离子桃红FG染料的吸附是吸热过程,吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程。根据热力学函数关系计算出坡缕石对阳离子桃红FG的吸附焓变为0．49kJ／mol,吉布斯吸附自由能改变量为-27．48-30．29kJ／mol,吸附自由能的变小是阳离子桃红FG染料在纯坡缕石上吸附的推动力,吸附熵变为93．85J／rnolK。  相似文献   

溶液中褐藻胶低聚糖在活性炭上的吸附特性与机制研究     

于宇  曹为安 《海洋科学》2020,44(7):216-221

本文研究了不同pH、反应时间、温度、初始糖浓度条件下溶液中褐藻胶低聚糖（AOS）在活性炭上的吸附性能及其吸附动力学和热力学机制。结果表明,溶液pH对活性炭吸附AOS具有重要影响,随pH降低,AOS在活性炭上的吸附增强,pH=1时吸附量可达0.116 g/g。吸附反应在5 min内迅速发生,60 min后达到吸附平衡。活性炭吸附AOS符合准二级吸附动力学过程。吸附热力学研究表明,吸附过程为自发的放热反应,吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型。综上,吸附过程为单分子层均相吸附,降低pH、低温有利于AOS在活性炭上的吸附。  相似文献   

Geophysics of sea ice in the Baltic Sea: A review     

Timo Vihma  Jari Haapala   《Progress in Oceanography》2009,80(3-4):129-148

With improved observation methods, increased winter navigation, and increased awareness of the climate and environmental changes, research on the Baltic Sea ice conditions has become increasingly active. Sea ice has been recognized as a sensitive indicator for changes in climate. Although the inter-annual variability in the ice conditions is large, a change towards milder ice winters has been detected from the time series of the maximum annual extent of sea ice and the length of the ice season. On the basis of the ice extent, the shift towards a warmer climate took place in the latter half of the 19th century. On the other hand, data on the ice thickness, which are mostly limited to the land-fast ice zone, basically do not show clear trends during the 20th century, except that during the last 20 years the thickness of land-fast ice has decreased. Due to difficulties in measuring the pack-ice thickness, the total mass of sea ice in the Baltic Sea is, however, still poorly known. The ice extent and length of the ice season depend on the indices of the Arctic Oscillation and North Atlantic Oscillation. Sea ice dynamics, thermodynamics, structure, and properties strongly interact with each other, as well as with the atmosphere and the sea. The surface conditions over the ice-covered Baltic Sea show high spatial variability, which cannot be described by two surface types (such as ice and open water) only. The variability is strongly reflected to the radiative and turbulent surface fluxes. The Baltic Sea has served as a testbed for several developments in the theory of sea ice dynamics. Experiences with advanced models have increased our understanding on sea ice dynamics, which depends on the ice thickness distribution, and in turn redistributes the ice thickness. During the latest decade, advance has been made in studies on sea ice structure, surface albedo, penetration of solar radiation, sub-surface melting, and formation of superimposed ice and snow ice. A high vertical resolution has been found as a prerequisite to successfully model thermodynamic processes during the spring melt period. A few observations have demonstrated how the river discharge and ice melt affect the stratification of the oceanic boundary layer below the ice and the oceanic heat flux to the ice bottom. In general, process studies on ice–ocean interaction have been rare. In the future, increasingly multidisciplinary studies are needed with close links between sea ice physics, geochemistry and biology.  相似文献   

伟晶岩结晶动力学和热力学及稀有金属超常富集成矿机制     

左达昇  杨可  魏海珍  王勤  蒋少涌  林和丰  环淳  许志琴 《地质学报》2024,98(5):1489-1506

本文综述了伟晶岩结晶动力学、热力学和伟晶岩熔体稀有金属元素实现超常富集成矿的机制。结晶动力学涉及成核动力学和晶体生长动力学两个方面。低成核速率和高晶体生长速率是伟晶岩结晶动力学的重要特征,在结晶过程受到水、助溶剂以及过冷条件三个因素共同制约。伟晶岩熔体的相态（超临界态）可能在伟晶岩形成和稀有金属元素超常富集中扮演重要角色。花岗伟晶岩稀有金属超常富集程度受到岩浆源区成分、岩浆结晶分异过程与熔体化学成分等因素的控制。花岗质岩浆高度分异结晶或者变质沉积岩部分熔融直接形成的成矿伟晶岩熔体均需要源岩中稀有金属元素预富集。深熔作用产生的低程度、小体积的伟晶岩熔体具有更高的稀有金属元素成矿潜力。在岩浆分异演化过程中,稀有金属元素的超常富集主要通过超临界熔体/流体、岩浆熔体作用、过冷作用实现。超临界熔体/流体发生熔体- 流体不混溶作用使稀有金属元素在熔体相和流体相间再分配和富集;岩浆熔离作用使稀有金属元素选择性分配到富挥发分的熔体中,导致稀有金属元素再次富集;过冷作用降低稀有金属矿物结晶的饱和浓度,促进稀有金属矿物结晶。熔体的化学成分（如挥发分）直接影响熔体的物理、化学性质。例如,挥发分的富集能够降低熔体黏度,促进岩浆分异结晶过程。挥发分和稀有金属元素的亲和性也控制稀有金属元素在不同相熔体中的分配和富集,显著增加稀有金属元素的溶解度和迁移富集能力,有助于伟晶岩中稀有金属超常富集和成矿。  相似文献   

混凝土动力本构模型的基础理论与建模应用综述     

杜荣强  林皋  冷飞 《世界地震工程》2007,23(2):5-11

混凝土结构分析问题中动力荷载下混凝土的动力本构模型研究日益重要。为对建立混凝土动力本构关系的基础理论有系统的认知和了解其应用,对其进行了总结,简述了在建立混凝土动本构方面的应用,对混凝土动力本构模型的理论发展趋势作了展望。并对当前混凝土动力本构模型的应用做了概括评述,并指出了混凝土动力本构的可行研究方向,为建立混凝土动力本构模型提供指导。  相似文献   

Correction of the Buckingham–Darcy Law for flow of high strength salts in variably saturated porous media     

Erick R. Burns  Maria I. Dragila  John S. Selker  Ronald B. Guenther  Jean-Yves Parlange  Noam Weisbrod 《Advances in water resources》2007

The Buckingham–Darcy Law is used to describe fluid flow in unsaturated porous media at low Reynolds number. In order to provide a priori corrections to this law, a process thermodynamic approach is utilized to ascertain the functional dependence. Using this knowledge, corrections to the hydraulic conductivity coefficient are proposed and compared with available data. The proposed corrections substantially predict the observed behavior of flow of high concentration (saturated) sodium chloride solutions in porous media. During the derivation, physical principles consistent with the thermodynamics of the system were utilized. A review of these principles and their results provides an alternative form of the generalized Gibbs–Duhem Relation for continuous processes, indicating that the identical equivalence to zero is unlikely to occur for dissipative processes. Further, the postulated Gibbs and Gibbs–Duhem Relations indicate that special differential operators need to be used for continuous processes rather than the usual use of a generic differential.  相似文献   

海浪场非平衡信息论熵的研究初探     

张书文  孙孚 《热带海洋学报》2000,19(1)

鉴于传统熵与时间无关 ,不能反映海 -气耦合机制下海浪场的基本属性———不可逆性 ,文章将非平衡信息论熵的概念引入海浪场的研究。依据海浪场相空间的Fokker Planck方程 ,首次推导出了非平衡信息论熵的熵平衡方程、熵密度、熵流密度、熵产生密度、广义力和广义力密度的具体表达式。  相似文献   

卫生填埋场生物降解沉降的热力学机理及其估算     

彭功勋  刘荣  施建勇 《岩土力学》2003,24(3):401-404

从热力学的角度阐述了填埋体生物降解沉降的物理机理。依此对卫生填埋场生物降解沉降进行了界定,并初步建立了生物降解沉降量的计算模型。利用该模型,根据相关实测资料,对香港某卫生填埋场内因固体废弃物生物降解产生的沉降量进行了估算,并将估算结果与该填埋场的实测总沉降量进行了比较。  相似文献   

球状壳聚糖树脂对NO_2~-吸附特性的研究     

吕欣  刘炳杰  汪东风  孟祥红  徐莹 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2014,44(9):53-57,65

以壳聚糖粉末为原料,采用反相悬浮交联法制备了球状壳聚糖树脂(MCR)。通过静态吸附实验,研究了pH和温度对MCR吸附NO-2的影响以及MCR对水溶液中NO-2的吸附热力学和动力学特性。结果表明,在酸性条件下,313~328K时,MCR对NO-2有较好的吸附性能。吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温线模型,属于单分子层吸附。吸附过程符合拟二级动力学模型,受粒子内扩散和液膜扩散联合控制。  相似文献