An experimental investigation of gravity-driven shale tectonics in progradational delta   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

R. Mourgues  E. Lecomte  B. Vendeville  S. Raillard 《Tectonophysics》2009,474(3-4):643-656

Many deltas exhibit gravitational deformation of their sedimentary cover. In these systems, the décollement layers do not always consist of rock salt but sometimes of overpressured shale. Unlike salt, the efficiency of detachment in shale depends on the magnitude of fluid overpressures and it varies through time and space, as rapid sedimentary burial progrades into deeper water. As a result, the gravity deformational domains are progressively translated seaward. Sandbox models involving high air pore pressures were used to simulate such gravity-driven shale tectonics in prograding deltas. Models were built with sand of various permeabilities and air was injected to simulate the mechanical effects of fluid overpressure. Our apparatus for the injection of air allowed us to control subsurface pressures in space and time during the experiments, and it was used to simulate the advance of the front of the overpressured domain during the sedimentary progradation. In our models, sand kept obeying a frictional behavior, for medium to high pore pressures, and the detachment appeared as very thin shear bands. Compressional belts that formed during the experiment were dominated by asymmetric basinward-verging fore-thrusts, as is often observed in deep-water, shale-detached foldbelts. Where the value of fluid pressures approached that of the lithostatic stress, sand was fluidized, resulting in ductile strains analogous to what occurs in highly overpressured mobile shale. During progradation, ancient buried thrustbelts were reactivated, thereby controlling later extension. During the experiments, sand volcanoes, analogous to mud volcanoes, formed in relation with tectonic structures. Some of them developed near normal faults but many of them formed directly above old buried thrusts.  相似文献   

转换伸展型盆地异常压力的分布与成因机制分析:以惠民凹陷临南洼陷为例   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘晓峰 《地质科技情报》2011,30(5):1-4,11

利用370口钻井试油实测(DST)压力数据分析了临南洼陷异常压力的分布特征和异常低压的成因机制.临南洼陷不仅发育低压,而且存在超压.低压在井深1300～4000 m区间内普遍发育;超压出现在井深3200～4400 m区间内.沙三段的低压和超压共存.异常压力的分布与转换伸展型盆地的应力场密切相关.低压主要分布在转换伸展型盆地的最大伸展区域,超压主要沿挤压轴方向展布,且靠近洼陷中央.转换伸展断裂的泵吸作用导致流体低压和低压油气藏的形成.  相似文献   

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111000466     

Chunji Xue  Guoxiang Chi  Wei Xue 《地学前缘(英文版)》2011,2(3):439-447

The Ordos Basin of North China is not only an important uranium mineralization province, but also a major producer of oil,gas and coal in China.The genetic relationship between uranium mineralization and hydrocarbons has been recognized by a number of previous studies,but it has not been well understood in terms of the hydrodynamics of basin fluid flow.We have demonstrated in a previous study that the preferential localization of Cretaceous uranium mineralization in the upper part of the Ordos Jurassic section may have been related to the interface between an upward flowing,reducing fluid and a downward flowing,oxidizing fluid.This interface may have been controlled by the interplay between fluid overpressure related to disequilibrium sediment compaction and which drove the upward flow,and topographic relief,which drove the downward flow.In this study,we carried out numerical modeling for the contribution of oil and gas generation to the development of fluid overpressure,in addition to sediment compaction and heating.Our results indicate that when hydrocarbon generation is taken into account,fluid overpressure during the Cretaceous was more than doubled in comparison with the simulation when hydrocarbon generation was not considered.Furthermore,fluid overpressure dissipation at the end of sedimentation slowed down relative to the no-hydrocarbon generation case.These results suggest that hydrocarbon generation may have played an important role in uranium mineralization,not only in providing reducing agents required for the mineralization,but also in contributing to the driving force to maintain the upward flow.  相似文献   

Influence of tectonic overpressure on P–T paths of HP–UHP rocks in continental collision zones: thermomechanical modelling     

Z. H. LI  T. V. GERYA  J.‐P. BURG 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2010,28(3):227-247

The principle of lithostatic pressure is habitually used in metamorphic geology to calculate burial/exhumation depth from pressure given by geobarometry. However, pressure deviation from lithostatic, i.e. tectonic overpressure/underpressure due to deviatoric stress and deformation, is an intrinsic property of flow and fracture in all materials, including rocks under geological conditions. In order to investigate the influences of tectonic overpressure on metamorphic P–T paths, 2D numerical simulations of continental subduction/collision zones were conducted with variable brittle and ductile rheologies of the crust and mantle. The experiments suggest that several regions of significant tectonic overpressure and underpressure may develop inside the slab, in the subduction channel and within the overriding plate during continental collision. The main overpressure region that may influence the P–T paths of HP–UHP rocks is located in the bottom corner of the wedge‐like confined channel with the characteristic magnitude of pressure deviation on the order of ～0.3 GPa and 10–20% from the lithostatic values. The degree of confinement of the subduction channel is the key factor controlling this magnitude. Our models also suggest that subducted crustal rocks, which may not necessarily be exhumed, can be classified into three different groups: (i) UHP‐rocks subjected to significant (≥0.3 GPa) overpressure at intermediate subduction depth (50–70 km, P = 1.5–2.5 GPa) then underpressured at depth ≥100 km (P ≥ 3 GPa); (ii) HP‐rocks subjected to ≥0.3 GPa overpressure at peak P–T conditions reached at 50–70 km depth in the bottom corner of the wedge‐like confined subduction channel (P = 1.5–2.5 GPa); (iii) lower‐pressure rocks formed at shallower depths (≤40 km depth, P ≤ 1 GPa), which are not subjected to significant overpressure and/or underpressure.  相似文献   

The influence of faults and intraplate stresses on the overpressure evolution of the Halten Terrace, mid-Norwegian margin     

R. T. van Balen  T. Skar 《Tectonophysics》2000,320(3-4):331-345

The Halten Terrace is a structural element of the Meso-Cenozoic mid-Norwegian margin. The pore fluid pressure distribution in the faulted Jurassic formations on the Halten Terrace is characterized by significant lateral variations. In general, the fluid overpressure increases stepwise across faults from east to west, from zero (hydrostatic fluid pressure) to about 30 MPa. Fault-bounded pressure cells can therefore best explain the fluid pressure distribution. The results of analyses of log-derived porosities indicate that the high overpressure in the westernmost pressure cell was built up recently. However, despite the high sedimentation rates during Plio-Pleistocene, the high overpressure cannot be explained by local mechanical compaction. Alternative explanations for the high overpressure proposed by other authors are based on pore fluid volume increase (e.g. hydrocarbon generation). We propose that the high overpressure is caused by fluid flow from the deep Rås Basin to the western part of the Halten Terrace, through fractures in the Mesozoic, deep seated Klakk Fault Complex. Opening of fractures in this fault zone by seismic and static mechanisms is possible in the present-day intraplate stress field, which is characterized by a NW–SE oriented maximum horizontal stress direction. During Miocene, the maximum horizontal stress was E–W oriented, which implies a stress rotation during Pliocene. The E–W orientation of the maximum horizontal stress has impeded the initiation and opening of fractures in the N–S striking Klakk Fault Complex during Miocene. Fluid flow from the Rås Basin through faults of the Klakk Fault Complex can therefore have occured since Pliocene. Thus, the rotation of the intraplate stress directions can explain why the build-up of overpressure on the western part of the Halten Terrace occured recently, as indicated by the results of porosity analyses. Understanding the overpressure evolution of the Halten Terrace is important for exploration in that area, as hydrocarbons have been found in the hydrostatic pressure cells, whereas they are absent in the high overpressure cells.  相似文献   

Uncertainty analysis of subsalt overpressure development in offshore Louisiana, Gulf of Mexico     

S. Malloy  K. Petersen  I. Lerche  A. Lowrie 《Mathematical Geology》1996,28(6):687-699

The confining pressure exerted by the prograding Tertiary clastic wedge has caused extensive salt deformation in the Gulf of Mexico. The high rates of lateral salt motion from the Louisiana shelf break to the Sigsbee Escarpment are expected to have significant impact on the dynamic evolution of the surrounding sedimentary formations. The evolution of fluid pressure in supra- and subsalt sediments has been modeled in a series of pseudo-wells along a profile intersecting numerous salt sheets and structures offshore Louisiana. Based upon the estimated rates of salt movement, the timing can be determined for insertion/depletion of salt in the sediments as the salt has moved through, and by, sediments on its way basinward. An execution of a series of I-D fluid/flow compaction models has enabled estimation of the spatial variation in overpressure build-up with time; indicating that overpressure uncertainty is about 10–20% about a mean of about 40 atmospheres, with uncertainties on salt thickness and salt speed roughly comparable in importance in contributing to the uncertainty. The quantitative behaviors suggest that the speed of lateral salt insertion and the thickness of the salt are the main factors causing anomalous overpressure build-up. A quantification of the dynamic behaviors is significant when modeling the timing of potential trapping of hydrocarbons beneath salt sheets and of the subsalt overpressure to be expected in subsalt drilling.  相似文献   

新疆库鲁克塔格地区基性岩墙群几何学与岩浆超压估算     

董津津  陈宁华  厉子龙 《岩石学报》2013,29(10):3547-3554

新疆库鲁克塔格地区发育大量密集的岩墙群,反映了该区所经历的岩浆活动及地壳伸展事件。本文基于多源遥感影像(Landsat 7 ETM+、SPOT、CORONA KH-4B、QuickBird2)共提取了区内2284条岩墙,在此基础上进行几何学分析和岩浆超压估算。这些岩墙主要侵入新元古代侵入岩及前寒武系沉积岩和变质岩。走向以NW向(300°~320°)为主,同时存在NE向(40°~70°)和近东西向岩墙。岩墙单体长90m~22.8km,平均4.3km,呈对数正态分布。垂直岩墙走向,沿NE60°方向取4条剖面计算地壳伸展率,由北至南分别为4.22%、1.83%、2.60%和7.40%。根据岩墙纵横比(长度/厚度),计算获得岩墙侵位时岩浆超压为7.9MPa(E=10GPa)~23.7MPa(E=30GPa)。该区同时出露新元古代和二叠纪岩墙群,其空间分布与花岗岩有密切关联,为多种构造背景的产物,且经历了多期构造叠加和改造。  相似文献   

Beef veins and thrust detachments in Early Cretaceous source rocks,foothills of Magallanes-Austral Basin,southern Chile and Argentina: Structural evidence for fluid overpressure during hydrocarbon maturation     

《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2014

We describe (1) bedding-parallel veins of fibrous calcite (beef) and (2) thrust detachments, which we believe provide good evidence for fluid overpressure in source rocks for petroleum. Our examples are from the surface or subsurface of the Magallanes-Austral Basin, which lies at the southern tip of South America. There, the best source rocks for petroleum are of Early Cretaceous age. In the central parts of the basin these source rocks have become overmature, but at the eastern edge, onshore and offshore, they are today either immature or in the oil window.In Tierra del Fuego, the foothills of the Andes consist mainly of sedimentary rocks, which have undergone thin-skinned thrusting. In the Vicuña area (Chile), Early Cretaceous source rocks have reached the surface above thrust detachments, which are visible on seismic data and well data. At the surface, we have found calcite beef, containing hydrocarbons (solid and/or fluid), in the Rio Jackson and Vicuña formations, which have reached the wet gas window. In the Rio Gallegos area (Argentina), the source rocks have not reached the surface, but seismic and well data provide good evidence for thin-skinned thrusting above flat-lying detachments in Early Cretaceous source rock, where it is in the early oil window. In contrast, there is little or no deformation where the source rock is still immature. Thus the deformation front coincides with the maturity front. Next to the central parts of the basin, where the source rocks have reached the surface within the Andes proper, they have undergone low-grade metamorphism. Within these source rocks, we have found beef veins, but of quartz, not calcite. To the east, within the foreland basin, seismic and well data provide evidence for a few compressional structures, including thin-skinned detachments in the deeply buried source rock. Finally, in the northern part of the basin (Santa Cruz province, Argentina), where it is shallower, the source rocks have reached the surface in the foothills, above a series of back-thrusts. At Lago San Martín, the source rocks have reached the oil window and they again contain calcite beef.In conclusion, where we have examined Early Cretaceous source rocks at the surface, they contain either calcite beef (if they have reached the late oil window or wet gas window) or quartz beef (if they are overmature). Independent evidence for overpressure, in the form of source-rock detachments, comes from subsurface data, especially at the southern end of the basin, where the source rocks are not overmature and deformation is relatively intense. Thus we argue that hydrocarbon generation has led to overpressure, as a result of chemical compaction and load transfer, or volume changes, or both.  相似文献   

东营凹陷不同超压成因的有效应力特征     

王冰洁  何生  宋国奇  王永诗  王学军  郝雪峰  罗胜元 《地质科技情报》2012,31(2):72-79

利用实测流体压力(DST)测试结果,结合声波和密度测井资料,对超压段所识别的不均衡压实作用和生烃作用两种超压成因机制下的实测压力和有效应力随深度的变化特征进行了分析,结果表明:①两种不同成因机制下的实测压力和有效应力特征具有明显的差异性,不均衡压实作用在压实过程中导致流体排出受阻,地层流体承担上覆岩层压力形成超压,表现为阻止了地层有效应力增大,因此其实测压力增大段和静岩压力增大趋势大体一致,而有效应力随深度基本保持不变;生油作用在地层正常压实之后形成超压,发育程度不受上覆岩层压力的影响,因此超压的增大在深度上与上覆岩层压力增大不具有一致性,且超压对有效应力的影响要小于不均衡压实作用;②这两种不同的超压成因使得有效应力的变化随着声波速度而出现加载和卸载两种趋势,从而可以用来判断超压成因,利用实测资料计算的有效应力结果说明东营凹陷超压成因机制包括不均衡压实作用和生油作用,但不均衡压实作用形成超压的范围和规模较小,生油作用对深部大规模超压和强超压的形成至关重要.  相似文献   

莺歌海盆地黏土矿物异常转化及其地质意义   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

孟凡晋  肖丽华  谢玉洪  王振峰  刘景环  童传新  张伙兰  高煜婷  孟元林  魏巍  赵晓庆 《沉积学报》2012,30(3):469-476

莺歌海盆地因其异常高压和高温热流体强烈活动而孕育了多种特殊地质现象。应用分析化验资料与热力学计算相结合的方法,研究了莺歌海盆地黏土矿物转化的特征,分析了其成因。结果表明,莺歌海盆地发育三种黏土矿物转化类型:正常演化型、快速演化型和缓慢演化型。其中超压抑制黏土矿物转化,形成黏土矿物缓慢演化型;高温热流体活动促进黏土矿物转化,形成黏土矿物快速演化型。超压对黏土矿物转化的抑制作用延缓了H+、阳离子和层间水的排出,减弱了胶结作用和溶蚀作用,有利于在深部形成优质储层。热流体的活动加速了黏土矿物转化,增强了储层的胶结作用,不利于深部优质储层的发育。  相似文献