Climatic and topographic limits to the abundance of bog pools     

Lisa R. Belyea 《水文研究》2007,21(5):675-687

On patterned peatlands, open water pools develop within a matrix of terrestrial vegetation (‘ridges’). Regional patterns in the distribution of ridge–pool complexes suggest that the relative cover of these two surface types is controlled in part by climate wetness, but landscape topography must also be an important controlling factor. In this paper, a functional model that relates relative cover of ridges and pools to climate and surface gradient was developed and tested. The model was formulated in terms of a water budget, based on the differential effects of ridges and pools on losses by evapotranspiration and subsurface flow. It predicts a positive relationship between surface gradient and ridge proportion, with a linear effect related to water supply and ridge hydraulic conductivity, modified at high ridge proportion by differences in evapotranspiration between ridges and pools. The limit to patterned peatland distribution occurs where the surface is completely covered by ridges. The model may be sensitive or insensitive to climate differences between localities, depending on whether hydraulic characteristics of ridge peat co‐vary with water supply. To distinguish between these alternative hypotheses, surface gradient and ridge proportion were surveyed along 20 transects in each of three localities in Scotland that differ threefold in net precipitation to pools. The results of the field survey served to reject the climate‐sensitive hypothesis, but were consistent with the climate‐insensitive hypothesis. Analysis of the residuals suggested that variation within localities was related more to topographic control of water supply than to ridge hydraulic conductivity or developmental stage. Hence, within this maritime climate region, the distribution of ridge–pool complexes and the relative abundance of pools are controlled mainly by topographic variables. Field surveys across both maritime and continental regions are required to confirm a subtle climatic effect that allows pools to occur on higher gradients in drier climates than in wetter climates. Further development and testing of the functional model will provide a stronger basis for assessing potential feedback between climate change, peatland surface structure and methane emission from pools. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

靖安油田盘古梁长6油藏地质建模研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

赵惊蜇  闰林  孙卫  梁晓伟  解伟 《地球科学与环境学报》2007,29(2):162-165

建立能正确反映靖安油田盘古梁长6油藏地质特征的地质模型,通过对地层格架、沉积微相、骨架砂体、物性参数和储层非均质性的分析研究,借助GMSS地质建模软件,建立了确定型精细三维地质模型。所建立的构造、砂体、属性参数模型对该油藏的地质特征有了进一步认识,为油藏的高效开发提供了依据。  相似文献   

西太平洋暖池核心区MIS 7期以来的古生产力变化:类ENSO式过程的响应          下载免费PDF全文

赵京涛  李铁刚  常凤鸣  李军 《海洋学报》2008,30(4):87-94

对取自热带西太平洋暖池核心区的WP7岩心进行了底栖有孔虫和钙质超微化石研究。在利用氧同位素曲线对比和AMS14C测年数据进行地层划分的基础上,依据底栖有孔虫和钙质超微化石指标,分析了距今近250ka以来区域生产力和上层海水结构的演变特征,探讨了其控制因素和所指示的古海洋学意义。计算结果显示WP7岩心所在的暖池核心区约在距今250ka以来初级生产力在冰期(MIS6期、4期和2期)高,在间冰期(MIS7期、5期、3期和1期)低,表明该区古生产力在长的轨道时间尺度上受北半球高纬度冰量变动的影响。钙质超微化石下透光带属种Flori-sphaera profunda百分含量指示的温跃层深度变化表明冰期温跃层浅、间冰期温跃层加深,这说明类ENSO式变化导致的冰期—间冰期温跃层深度波动可能是MIS7期以来暖池核心区古生产力在冰期高而在间冰期显著降低的直接控制因素。  相似文献   

Analysis of Determinants for an Enhanced and Long-lasting Coastal Convective System by Means of a Case Study(26 July 2011)     

Jung-Tae LEE  Dong-In LEE  Shingo SHIMIZU  Cheol-Hwan YOU 《大气科学进展》2019,36(12):1327-1339

A precipitation system developed continuously along the western coastline of the Korean Peninsula and created considerable precipitation both along the coast and inland on 26 July 2011. In this study, the causes for this nearshore convective system are investigated from observations and the results of model experiments. Three-dimensional radar fields clearly show that a change of wind at the surface border played an important role in the development of the nearshore convection system. The simulation results, which are very similar to the observations, show that the surface border generated and maintained the convergence zone. The roughness change enhanced the convergence, and the interaction between the deepening cold pool and downward flow maintained the convergence zone. The surface mechanical discontinuity affected by the roughness change between sea and land formed the convergence (gradient of wind stress),which induced momentum transfer to the upper layer. The cold pool created a steep gradient of potential temperature and provided the reason for the propagated convergence zone with the downward flow. The maximum value of the surface change factor, which comprises the influencing factors for the long-lasting convective system, reflects the enhancement of the system at the coast.  相似文献   

浙江一次强飑线系统结构特征的数值研究          下载免费PDF全文

吴福浪  沈欣  陶俞锋  曹文  张晶晶 《山东气象》2019,39(3):124-131

利用常规观测资料、自动气象站资料、NCEP再分析资料和高分辨率WRF模式,对2016年5月5日发生在浙江地区的一次强飑线过程进行模拟研究。结果表明,切变线是影响此次强飑线过程的主要天气系统,飑线发生在充沛的水汽,较弱的对流有效位能和中等强度垂直风切变大气环境下。WRF模式对此次飑线的演变过程和降水分布有较好的模拟能力。通过进一步分析模拟资料发现,雷暴高压和地面冷池是此次飑线风暴的重要边界层特征,边界层辐合线有利于飑线的发展和维持。飑线后侧对流层中层以下的强下沉气流,是造成此次雷暴大风的关键因素。  相似文献   

冷池对引发新乡“7·9”特大暴雨的中尺度对流系统的影响分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

徐姝  东高红  熊明明 《气象》2019,45(10):1426-1438

利用NCEP再分析资料、常规观测资料、FY-2E卫星TBB资料、多普勒雷达探测资料和地面加密自动站资料分析了2016年7月9日新乡特大暴雨过程的中尺度特征,并揭示了冷池形成原因及其对产生强降水的中尺度对流系统发生发展的影响。研究结果表明:新乡地区特大暴雨是由一个"低质心"结构的后向传播-准静止-涡旋状中尺度对流系统产生的。由层状云和对流性降水产生的冷池出流形成的中尺度温度梯度导致地面辐合进而触发了对流。冷池出流与环境风场形成的假相当位温密集带为对流系统提供不稳定能量,两者强度相当的对峙使能量密集带稳定少动,而中尺度对流系统的上风方即冷池出流南侧由于锋生作用将暖湿空气抬升并不断触发新对流,这种后向传播方式导致中尺度对流系统移动缓慢处于准静止状态,新生对流单体在地面中尺度涡旋流场的作用下呈有组织的涡旋状旋转,不断经过新乡地区造成强降水持续。湿冷的冷池同时也是本次强降水过程近地面水汽来源之一。太行山的阻挡作用导致冷池在山前堆积后向承载层平流方向相反的方向移动;小地形的峡谷效应有助于冷池出流南移,而且为中尺度地面涡旋形成提供了一支重要的西北气流。  相似文献   

INTERANNUAL VARIATION IN HEAT CONTENT OF THE WESTERN PACIFIC WARM POOL AND ITS EFFECT ON EASTERN ASIAN CLIMATE ANOMALIES     

卢楚翰  黄露  何金海  秦育婧 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2015,21(3):246-254

Using the 1980-2010 winter GODAS oceanic assimilations, study is conducted of the winter heat content (HC) established in the subsurface layer (5 to 366 m in depth) over the western Pacific warm pool (WP), followed by investigating the HC spatiotemporal characteristics, persistence and the impacts on the climate anomalies of neighboring regions. Results are as follows: 1) the pattern of integral consistency is uncovered by the leading EOF1 (PC1) mode of HC interannual variability, the year-to-year fluctuation of the time coefficients being well indicative of the interannual anomaly of the WP winter subsurface-layer thermal regime. The HC variation is bound up with ENSO, keeping pronounced autocorrelation during the following two seasons and more, with the persistence being more stable in comparison to SSTA in the equatorial middle eastern Pacific; 2) the winter HC anomalies produce lasting effect on the WP thermal state in the following spring and summer and corresponding changes in the warm water volume lead to the meridional transport and vertical exchange of warm water, which exerts greater impacts upon the sea surface temperature/heat flux over the warm pool per se and neighboring regions, especially in the Philippine Sea during the posterior spring and summer; 3) the increase in the winter HC corresponds to the spring OLR decrease and richer precipitation over the waters east to the Philippine Sea and the resultant convective heating anomalies are responsible for the rise of geopotential isobaric surfaces over tropical and subtropical western North Pacific, thereby producing effect on the western Pacific subtropical high (anomaly). Subsequently, the sea-surface heat flux exchange is intensified in the warm pool, a robust anomalous cyclone shows up at lower levels, air-sea interactions are enhanced and abnormal convective heating occurs, together making the winter HC anomalies even more closely associated with the variation in the summer subtropical high. As a result, the WP winter HC can be used as an effective predictor of the variation in spring/summer western Pacific subtropical high and the strength of summer monsoon over the northwestern Pacific.  相似文献   

Influence of monsoon over the warm pool on interannual variation on tropical cyclone activity over the western North Pacific   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

陈光华  黄荣辉 《大气科学进展》2008,25(2):319-328

The relationship between the interannual variation in tropical cyclone （TC） activity over the western North Pacific （WNP） and the thermal state over the warm pool （WP） is examined in this paper. The results show that the subsurface temperature in the WP is well correlated with TC geographical distribution and track type. Their relation is linked by the East Asian monsoon trough. During the warm years, the westward-retreating monsoon trough creates convergence and vorticity fields that are favorable for tropical cyclogenesis in the northwest of the WNP, whereas more TCs concentrating in the southeast result from eastward penetration of the monsoon trough during the cold years. The steering flows at 500 hPa lead to a westward displacement track in the warm years and recurving prevailing track in the cold years.
The two types of distinct processes in the monsoon environment triggering tropical cyclogenesis are hypothesized by composites centered for TC genesis location corresponding to two kinds of thermal states of the WP. During the warm years, low-frequency intraseasonal oscillation is active in the west of the WNP such that eastward-propagating westerlies cluster TC genesis in that region. In contrast, during the cold years, the increased cyclogenesis in the southeast of the WNP is mainly associated with tropical depression type disturbances transiting from equatorially trapped mixed Rossby gravity waves. Both of the processes may be fundamental mechanisms for the inherent interannual variation in TC activity over the WNP.  相似文献   

NUMERICAL MODELING STUDY OF EFFECTS OF EASTERN PACIFIC WARM POOL ON ENSO     

岳彩军  陆维松  李小凡 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2010,16(4):355-362

In this study, sensitivity experiments were conducted with the Zebiak-Cane ocean-atmosphere coupled model forced by the wind stress anomaly from the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data to study the impacts of eastern Pacific warm pool on the formation and development of ENSO events. The effects of climatological mean sea surface temperature of the warm pool on forecast skill during the ENSO events of 1982–1999 are more considerable that those of climatological mean meridional winds and ocean currents. The forecast skill for the 1997/1998 El Ni?o event is characterized by sensitivity to climatological mean sea surface temperature and anomalies of northerly winds and currents. The forecast skill is found insensitive to climatological mean northerly meridional winds and currents.  相似文献   

密松水电站泄洪消能体型优化试验研究     

李静  姜伯乐 《中国勘察设计》2010,(2):32-36

在1:60溢流坝表、中泄水孔断面模型上对密松水电站泄水建筑物的布置方案进行了泄流能力、流速流态、压力分布等相关水力学问题的试验,并通过十多个方案的比较优化,提出了基本可行的泄水建筑物体型和消力池型式。研究成果表明:表孔采用合适的宽尾墩形式,对增加消能率、缩短消力池池长有利,但无法消除宽尾墩形成的水翅击打两侧导墙现象;表孔取消宽尾墩,采用跌坎式消力池方案,可有效降低底流消能时的池底板流速,同时消除宽尾墩形成的水翅击打两侧导墙现象,达到较满意的消能效果。本文中十数个消能方案的研究成果,对类似工程的设计和科研均有参考价值。  相似文献