The ~AD1315 Tarawera and Waiotapu eruptions, New Zealand: contemporaneous rhyolite and hydrothermal eruptions driven by an arrested basalt dike system?     

Ian A. Nairn  Jeffrey W. Hedenquist  Pilar Villamor  Kelvin R. Berryman  Phil A. Shane 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2005,67(2):186-193

A series of large hydrothermal eruptions occurred across the Waiotapu geothermal field at about the same (prehistoric) time as the ~AD1315 Kaharoa rhyolite magmatic eruptions from Tarawera volcano vents, 10–20 km distant. Triggering of the Waiotapu hydrothermal eruptions was previously attributed to displacement of the adjacent Ngapouri Fault. The Kaharoa rhyolite eruptions are now recognised as primed and triggered by multiple basalt intrusions beneath the Tarawera volcano. A ~1000 t/day pulse of CO₂ gas is recorded by alteration mineralogy and fluid inclusions in drill core samples from Waiotapu geothermal wells. This CO₂ pulse is most readily sourced from basalt intruded at depth, and although not precisely dated, it appears to be associated with the Waiotapu hydrothermal eruptions. We infer that the hydrothermal eruptions at Waiotapu were primed by intrusion of the same arrested basalt dike system that drove the rhyolite eruptions at Tarawera. This dike system was likely similar at depth to the dike that generated basalt eruptions from a 17 km-long fissure that formed across the Tarawera region in AD1886. Fault ruptures that occurred in the Waiotapu area in association with both the AD1886 and ~AD1315 eruptions are considered to be a result, rather than a cause, of the dike intrusion processes.Editorial responsibility: J. Donnelly-Nolan  相似文献   

Effusive Activity at Mount Etna Volcano (Italy) During the 20th Century: A Contribution to Volcanic Hazard Assessment     

Daniele?AndronicoEmail author  Luigi?Lodato 《Natural Hazards》2005,36(3):407-443

Mount Etna is an open conduit volcano, characterised by persistent activity, consisting of degassing and explosive phenomena at summit craters, frequent flank eruptions, and more rarely, eccentric eruptions. All eruption typologies can give rise to lava flows, which represent the greatest hazard by the volcano to the inhabited areas. Historical documents and scientific papers related to the 20th century effusive activity have been examined in detail, and volcanological parameters have been compiled in a database. The cumulative curve of emitted lava volume highlights the presence of two main eruptive periods: (a) the 1900–1971 interval, characterised by a moderate slope of the curve, amounting to 436 × 10⁶ m³ of lava with average effusion rate of 0.2 m³/s and (b) the 1971–1999 period, in which a significant increase in eruption frequency is associated with a large issued lava volume (767 × 10⁶ m³) and a higher effusion rate (0.8 m³/s). The collected data have been plotted to highlight different eruptive behaviour as a function of eruptive periods and summit vs. flank eruptions. The latter have been further subdivided into two categories: eruptions characterised by high effusion rates and short duration, and eruptions dominated by low effusion rate, long duration and larger volume of erupted lava. Circular zones around the summit area have been drawn for summit eruptions based on the maximum lava flow length; flank eruptions have been considered by taking into account the eruptive fracture elevation and combining them with lava flow lengths of 4 and 6 km. This work highlights that the greatest lava flow hazard at Etna is on the south and east sectors of the volcano. This should be properly considered in future land-use planning by local authorities.  相似文献   

The Late Paleozoic felsic lava-dominated large igneous province in northeast Germany: volcanic facies analysis based on drill cores     

Holger Paulick  Christoph Breitkreuz 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2005,94(5-6):834-850

In the deep subsurface of the northeast German basin products of extensive volcanism are present that formed during the waning phase of the Variscan orogeny (Permian–Carboniferous boundary). Large volumes (≥48,000 km³) of dominantly felsic magma were emplaced in the northern foreland of the Variscan mountains in a terrestrial semi-arid environment. Most of these units were inferred by previous authors to represent the products of explosive volcanic eruptions such as ignimbrites. However, a detailed analysis of the volcanic texture and lithofacies association shows that most units are best interpreted as coherent lavas emplaced either as extrusive units or as shallow intrusions, with important implications for the reconstruction of the paleo-environment. This study shows that detailed textural examination of drill cores provide important observations, which can be applied as criteria for the interpretation of the mode of volcanic eruptions. Furthermore, phenocryst logging and geochemical fingerprinting based on immobile element ratios can be employed for the classification and discrimination of individual emplacement units.  相似文献   

Lava flow in tubes with elliptical cross sections     

Michele Dragoni  Stefano Santini   《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2007,160(3-4):239-248

We develop a model of lava flow in a cylindrical tube with elliptical cross section. The lava is considered an isothermal, incompressible Newtonian fluid. We solve analytically the steady-state Navier–Stokes equation under a constant driving force, given by the component of gravity along the axis of the tube and obtain the velocity and stress field components in the fluid. The ratio between the flow rate of the elliptical tube and that of a circular tube, having the same cross sectional area, is found to be always less than 1 and to depend only on the value of eccentricity. The ratio decreases rapidly when the eccentricity becomes lower than about 0.5. The average flow velocity in a partially filled tube is calculated under the assumption of constant flow rate. In an elliptical tube, the shear traction is not uniform on the wall of the tube, but changes periodically with the position. It is maximum at the intersections with the minor axis and minimum at the intersections with the major axis, the ratio between the maximum and the minimum value being equal to the ratio between the lengths of the two axes. Assuming that the erosion rate of the wall of the tube is proportional to shear traction, we calculate the erosion of the wall as a function of time and find that its effect is such as to make the tube cross section closer to the circular shape.  相似文献   

Seismic experiments on Showa-Shinzan lava dome using firework shots     

Hiroki Miyamachi  Hidefumi Watanabe  Takeo Moriya  Hiromu Okada 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1987,125(6):1025-1037

Seismic experiments were conducted on Showa-Shinzan, a parasitic lava dome of volcano Usu, Hokkaido, which was formed during 1943–1945 activity. Since we found that firework shots fired on the ground can effectively produce seismic waves, we placed many seismometers on and around the dome during the summer festivals in 1984 and 1985. The internal structure had been previously studied using a prospecting technique employing dynamite blasts in 1954. The measured interval velocity across the dome in 1984 ranges 1.8–2.2 km/s drastically low compared to the results (3.0–4.0 km/s) in 1954; in addition, the velocity is 0.3–0.5 km/s higher than that in the surrounding area. The variation of the observed first arrival amplitudes can be explained by geometrical spreading in the high velocity lava dome. These observations show a marked change in the internal physical state of the dome corresponding to a drop in the measured highest temperature at fumaroles on the dome from 800°C in 1947 to 310°C in 1986.  相似文献   

Role of Syn-eruptive Cooling and Degassing on Textures of Lavas from the AD 1783-1784 Laki Eruption, South Iceland     

Guilbaud  M.-N.; Blake  S.; Thordarson  T.; Self  S. 《Journal of Petrology》2007,48(7):1265-1294

The Laki eruption involved 10 fissure-opening episodes thatproduced 15·1 km³ of homogeneous quartz-tholeiite magma.This study focuses on the texture and chemistry of samples fromthe first five episodes, the most productive period of the eruption.The samples comprise pumiceous tephra clasts from early falloutdeposits and lava surface samples from fire-fountaining andcone-building activity. The fluid lava core was periodicallyexposed at the surface upon lobe breakout, and its characteristicsare preserved in glassy selvages from the lava surface. In allsamples, plagioclase is the dominant mineral phase, followedby clinopyroxene and then olivine. Samples contain <7 vol.% of euhedral phenocrysts (>100 µm) with primitivecores [An* = 100 x Ca/(Ca + Na) >70; Fo > 75; En* = 100x Mg/(Mg + Fe) >78] and more evolved rims, and >10 vol.% of skeletal, densely distributed groundmass crystals (<100µm), which are similar in composition to phenocryst rims(tephra: An*_58–67, Fo_72–78, En*_72–81; lava:An*_49–70, Fo_63–78, En_57–78). Tephra and lavahave distinct vesicularity (tephra: >40 vol. %; lava: <40vol. %), groundmass crystal content (tephra: <10 vol. %;lava: 20–30 vol. %), and matrix glass composition (tephra:5·4–5·6 wt % MgO; lava: 4·3–5·0wt % MgO). Whole-rock and matrix glass compositions define atrend consistent with liquid evolution during in situ crystallizationof groundmass phases. Plagioclase–glass and olivine–glassthermometers place the formation of phenocryst cores at 10 kmdepth in a melt with 1 wt % H₂O, at near-liquidus temperatures(1150°C). Phenocryst rims and groundmass crystals formedclose to the surface, at 10–40°C melt undercoolingand in an 10–20°C cooler drier magma (0–0·1wt % H₂O), causing an 10 mol % drop in An content in plagioclase.The shape, internal zoning and number density of groundmasscrystals indicate that they formed under supersaturated conditions.Based on this information, we propose that degassing duringascent had a major role in rapidly undercooling the melt, promptingintensive shallow groundmass crystallization that affected themagma and lava rheology. Petrological and textural differencesbetween tephra and lava reflect variations in the rates of magmaascent and the timing of surface quenching during each eruptiveepisode. That in turn affected the time available for crystallizationand subsequent re-equilibration of the melt to surface (degassed)conditions. During the explosive phases, the rates of magmaascent were high enough to inhibit crystallization, yieldingcrystal-poor tephra. In contrast, pervasive groundmass crystallizationoccurred in the lava, increasing its yield strength and causinga thick rubbly layer to form during flow emplacement. Lava selvagescollected across the flow-field have strikingly homogeneousglass compositions, demonstrating the high thermal efficiencyof fluid lava transport. Cooling is estimated as 0·3°C/km,showing that rubbly surfaced flows can be as thermally efficientas tube-fed phoehoe lavas. KEY WORDS: lava; crystallization; basalt; cooling rate; pressure; geobarometry; P–T conditions; plagioclase; degassing; Laki, Iceland  相似文献   

大兴安岭北段八大关地区早侏罗世流纹岩锆石U-Pb定年与岩石成因   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

李研  王建  韩志滨  侯晓光  王石岩 《中国地质》2017,44(2):346-357

大兴安岭北段八大关地区首次发现早侏罗世火山岩,该类岩石主要由流纹岩组成,含少量英安岩和流纹质凝灰岩,LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示其形成于185~190 Ma,岩石地球化学研究表明,流纹岩具有高硅富碱,贫镁钙和高FeO~T/MgO比值的特征,属于高钾钙碱性系列;稀土总量不高(ΣREE=103.80×10~(-6)~194.31×10~(-6)),轻重稀土分馏较明显((La/Yb)N=7.12~10.22),中等负Eu异常(δEu=0.34~0.74),微量元素以富集Rb、Ba、Th、U、K和LREE,强烈亏损Sr、P、Ti,相对亏损Nb、Ta为特征,显示地壳来源,结合较低的Ga/Al比值,该区流纹岩具有I型花岗岩特点,在(Y+Nb)-Rb和(Yb+Ta)-Rb判别图解上显示其形成于活动大陆边缘环境。综合研究表明,八大关地区早侏罗世之前为活动陆缘环境,蒙古—鄂霍茨克大洋板块向额尔古纳地块之下俯冲。  相似文献   

内蒙古核桃坝地区流纹斑岩的地球化学特征及与铀富集的关系     

蒋孝君  剡鹏兵  薛伟  邢亚杰  刘小刚  颜小波 《现代地质》2017,31(2):225

内蒙古核桃坝地区流纹斑岩体与该区铀成矿有着密切关系,为了寻求找矿突破,通过地球化学和岩浆与构造演化等方法,着重讨论流纹斑岩和构造与铀富集的关系。该流纹斑岩体位于多伦火山盆地榛子山破火山口南部,岩石富硅(w(SiO2)= 7015%~7858%),富碱(w(Na2O+K2O)=749%~1082%),属钾质(w(K2O)=528%~930%);A/CNK的值在084~128之间,在火山岩TAS分类图解中全部样品均落入亚碱性流纹岩范围内,属于亚碱性系列流纹岩类;稀土总量高(∑REE=25447×10-6~49999×10-6),其中轻稀土元素富集,重稀土元素亏损,轻重稀土分馏程度强;亲石元素Rb、Th相对富集,特别是U含量(666×10-6~96600×10-6)异常富集,部分数据极高,而Sr和Eu明显亏损。岩石岩浆物质来源于下地壳的部分熔融,侵位于后碰撞构造环境,属于A2型花岗岩类型。伸展构造背景下的富铀流纹斑岩侵位、后期促进铀运移富集的成矿构造及富铀热液随构造上移并进一步萃取等多种事件共同作用,最终促成了核桃坝铀矿床的形成。  相似文献   

The SPICE project: Calibrated cosmogenic 26Al production rates and cross-calibrated 26Al /10Be, 26Al/14C,and 26Al/21Ne ratios in quartz from the SP basalt flow,AZ, USA     

《Quaternary Geochronology》2022

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