On the scavenging of SO2 by cloud and raindrops: I. A theoretical study of SO2 absorption and desorption for water drops in air     

C. J. Walcek  H. R. Pruppacher 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1983,1(3):269-289

An extention of our previous theory for trace gas absorption into freely-falling cloud and raindrops is presented. This theory describes the convective diffusion of a trace gas through air and into a water drop with internal circulation, the drop falling at its terminal velocity. Using flow fields for the circulating water inside and for the moving air outside the drop, obtained by numerical solutions to the Navier—Stokes equation of motion, we numerically solved the convective diffusion equation to determine the uptake of SO₂ by water drops of various sizes, time exposure to the gas phase, and concentration of SO₂ in the gas phase. It was found that for drops of radius larger than 1 mm and relatively low gas concentrations (10 ppb (v)), resistance to gas diffusion lies mainly in the gas phase; while for drops of radius less than 500 m and gas concentrations larger than those found in the atmosphere (1% (v)), the resistance to diffusion lies primarily in the liquid phase. With drop sizes and gas concentrations between these limits, the rate of SO₂ uptake is controlled by a coupled resistance to diffusion inside and outside the drop. In addition to our general model, a simplified version was formulated which allows considerable savings in computer time for evaluation and improved ease of handling without significant loss of accuracy. A comparison between our simplified model and that of Barrie (1978) shows that the boundary-layer approach of Barrie may be a useful alternate approach to estimating trace gas absorption by water drops, provided appropriate values are chosen for the thickness of the boundary layers involved.  相似文献   

安徽省东至县查册桥金矿地质特征及硫铅同位素示踪          下载免费PDF全文

胥飞  聂张星  沈欢喜  钱祥  石磊 《地质找矿论丛》2020,35(2):144-153

东至县查册桥金矿位于扬子陆块北缘,矿床规模达中型。为了解成矿物质来源,对查册桥金矿矿石进行了硫、铅同位素分析。结果显示:δ(34S)变化范围为1.8×10~(-3)～18.1×10~(-3),平均值为11.09×10~(-3),较集中分布在10×10~(-3)～15×10~(-3)之间,分布宽泛;矿石硫化物矿物206 Pb/204 Pb值介于17.954～19.748之间,207 Pb/204 Pb值介于15.608～15.786之间,208 Pb/204 Pb值介于38.107～39.411之间,它们的μ值9.43～9.77;ω值32.63～38.83;w(Th)/w(U)值介于3.31～3.93,Δβ值18.45～30.06;Δγ值22.96～57.97。硫、铅同位素特征表明查册桥金矿床成矿物质主要来源于上地壳,其形成与陆内造山作用和岩浆作用密切相关。  相似文献   

滇中播卡铜矿床硫、铅同位素组成及其地质意义     

费利东  肖晓牛  肖娥  刘军  白涛 《现代地质》2020,34(3):579-587

滇中播卡铜矿床是著名“东川式”铜矿床的典型代表,但对其成矿物质来源和矿床成因认识存在争议。对矿区典型铜矿发育的金属硫化物进行硫和铅同位素组成分析,探讨其成矿物质来源。硫同位素测试结果表明,人占石铜矿金属硫化物的δ³⁴S值为1.6‰~10.7‰,指示硫以岩浆(火山喷发)作用为主要来源,并受到沉积作用影响。铅同位素测试结果则表明人占石铜矿、天生塘铜矿、竹箐凹子铜矿和白石岩铜矿中的铅主要来源于壳幔混合物质。综合前人研究和本次硫、铅同位素分析结果,认为播卡铜矿床成矿物质主要来自地幔,且受到地壳物质的混染。  相似文献   

Phototrophic activity and redox condition in Lake Hamana, Japan, indicated by sedimentary photosynthetic pigments and molybdenum over the last ∼250 years   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Nobuyasu Itoh  Yukinori Tani  Takayuki Nagatani  Mitsuyuki Soma 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2003,29(4):403-422

We analyzed photosynthetic pigments, total organic carbon (TOC), biogenic silica, and Mo, a redox-sensitive element, in ²¹⁰Pb-dated sediment cores to reconstruct the historical changes in primary productivity and anoxia in the central basin of Lake Hamana, a brackish lake in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, over the last 250 years. The algal photosynthetic pigments we analyzed included chlorophyll a (and its derivatives), chlorophyll b (and its derivatives), and carotenoids such as -carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, diatoxanthin, fucoxanthin, alloxanthin, and -carotene. Marker pigments for phototrophic sulfur bacteria were also recorded, including okenone and bacteriopheophytin a, originating from Chromatium (a genus of purple sulfur bacteria), and isorenieratene and bacteriochlorophylls e ₁, e ₂ and e ₃ (and corresponding bacteriopheophytins) from brown Chlorobium (a brown-colored group of green sulfur bacteria). The occurrence of these pigments throughout the length of all cores indicates that the anoxia in Lake Hamana has existed over at least the last 250 years. The indicators related to primary productivity – TOC and pigments of aerobic and anaerobic phototrophs – and an indicator of anoxia, Mo, increased after 1860, indicating that productivity had increased in both the oxic and anoxic (sulfidic) zones. The depth profiles of the indicators in the sediment cores showed that among phototrophic sulfur bacteria, Chromatium preferentially increased relative to brown Chlorobium when the lake productivity was high, and hence high anoxia existed in the lake. This can be explained by a shallowing of the oxic/anoxic boundary zone due to changes in temporal and/or spatial extents of seasonal anoxia, which made the light intensity in the upper anoxic zone high enough for Chromatium to grow. The upper Chromatium layer may absorb the wavelengths of light that favor the growth of brown Chlorobium in the water column, resulting in a relative decrease in brown Chlorobium. During the 1950s, the trends among the indicators changed significantly. This change is attributed to the construction of training walls, built to direct tidal currents into the lake, on the Imagire-guchi Channel, the sole inlet of seawater to the lake, during 1954–1956, and the resultant increases of seawater intrusion and lake salinity. A decrease in okenone and bacteriopheophytin a, or in okenone/isorenieratene ratio, after 1960 accompanying a decrease in Mo, is attributed to a deepening of the anoxic zone, where the light intensity became too low for growth of Chromatium, more light-demanding than the brown Chlorobium. A decrease of zeaxanthin (cyanobacteria) after 1960 relative to lutein (green algae) and diatoxanthin (diatoms and dinoflagellates) indicated a change in algal assemblage, presumably due to the increased salinity. Principal component analysis with a data set of total algal carotenoids, okenone, isorenieratene, and Mo also suggested that a major change occurred around the 1950s.  相似文献   

Trace Fossils and Sulfur Isotopes in Mudstones around the Kuroko Deposits in the Hokuroku Basin, Northeast Japan: An Attempt to Delineate the Depositional Environment     

Kosei Komuro    Hiroshi Kubota  Tokiyuki Sato    Yoshimichi Kajiwara  Shojiro Tanimura 《Resource Geology》2004,54(4):425-436

Abstract. A comprehensive investigation was carried out on the distribution of both trace fossils and sulfur isotopes in mud-stones in the Hokuroku district, northeast Japan, in the hope of delineating the depositional environment of the mudstones in which the Kuroko deposits are embedded. The mudstones are generally massive in structure and usually contain large trace fossils, being indicative of an aerobic biofacies. On the other hand, some mudstones in and above the Kuroko ore horizon are partly laminated and usually contain smaller trace fossils, being assignable to an anaerobic or dysaerobic biofacies. The δ³⁴S values of sulfides in the mudstones above and below the ore horizon range from -40 to -12 %o, indicating mostly oxic depositional conditions in equilibrium with the inferred aerobic biofacies. In the mudstones in the ore horizon, the δ³⁴S values exhibit regionally discriminated variations: -44 to -12 %o in areas far (>1 km) from the known Kuroko deposits and -24 to +6 %o in areas closer to them. The latter high δ³⁴S group implies the temporal occurrence of local anoxic basins in the vicinity of the known Kuroko deposits. At the time of late Nishikurosawa Stage (i.e. the currently assumed Kuroko metallogenic epoch), an intense oceanic stagnation is suggested to have taken place to form the local anoxic basins responsible for the formation and preservation of Kuroko deposits. This oceanic environmental event is considered to be most likely due to increasing biological productivity primarily triggered and enhanced by upwelling of NADW in the paleo-Sea of Japan at that time.  相似文献   

紫金山铜矿原地破碎细菌浸出工艺的可行性分析     

王观石胡世丽  艾幼孙 《江苏地质》2004,28(4):228-232

根据紫金山铜矿的实际情况，分析采用原地破碎细菌浸出工艺回收紫金山铜矿资源的工程技术可行性，在此基础上进行经济方面的讨论。  相似文献   

安徽铜陵矿集区与块状硫化物矿床有关的热水沉积岩   总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9  

曾普胜  蒙义峰  杨竹森  裴荣富  王训诚 《矿床地质》2004,23(3):334-343

通过对铜陵地区系统的填图观察和室内研究 ,初步确定了铜陵地区海西期的热水沉积岩。它们是 :石炭系黄龙组 ,由下而上、由内到外的层序包括含硫化物滑石蛇纹石岩 (由原岩为含水富镁碳酸盐岩 +二氧化硅的热水沉积岩变质而成 )→块状、层状 (含铜金 )黄铁矿±铁碧玉±硬石膏±菱铁矿±菱锰矿±硅质岩→含炭质粘土→白云岩 ;二叠系为栖霞组 (含铅锌金 )硅质岩、孤峰组 (含锰 )硅质岩和大隆组 (含钼 )硅质岩。这些热水沉积岩总体构成铜陵地区晚古生代多期热水活动的格局。常量元素、微量元素和稀土元素的分析结果表明 ,本区的硅质岩具有热水沉积岩的特征。氧同位素估算的热水硅质岩古温度在 4 9℃以上。铜陵地区的热水沉积岩对层控矿床的勘查和隐伏矿床的预测评价具有重要的理论和实际意义 ,尤其是黄龙组底部的热水沉积岩是铜陵地区找矿的重要标志 ,对于指导长江中下游地区 ,如宁芜等地 ,寻找该层位的矿床有着不可替代的指示意义。  相似文献   

四川大渡河金矿田成矿流体来源的氦氩硫氢氧同位素示踪   总被引：12，自引：3，他引：12       下载免费PDF全文

李晓峰毛景文  王登红罗辅勋 《地质学报》2004,78(2):203-210

四川大渡河金矿田位于扬子地台西缘金成矿带北段,受大渡河剪切带控制。本文以该矿田黄金坪、白金台子、黑金台子金矿为例,根据对黄铁矿流体包裹体氦氩同位素、黄铁矿硫同位素以及与黄铁矿共生的石英流体包裹体的氢氧同位素组成测定,讨论了大渡河金矿田成矿流体的来源。结果显示,该金矿田黄铁矿流体包裹体中的~3He/~4He变化较小,为0.16～0.86Ra,而~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar的变化较大,为298～3288;而黄铁矿δ~(34)S同位素变化范围较窄,一般为0.7‰～4.2‰,集中于2.5‰～3‰,显示硫地幔来源的特点;石英流体包裹体的氢、氧同位素分别为-2.6‰～ 3.64‰和-39.13‰～-108.23‰,说明成矿流体为岩浆水和大气降水的混合流体。本文认为大渡河金矿田成矿流体是地幔流体与地壳流体的混合作用的结果,而以地壳流体占主导地位。其中,地幔流体为与下伏隐伏岩体有关的岩浆水,而地壳流体端元则是含有一定放射成因Ar的大气降水,并且温度小于200℃。  相似文献   

山东新泰太古代层状硫化物中的硫同位素非质量分馏效应     

李延河  万德芳  乐国良 《地球学报》2005,26(Z1):3-5

物理、化学和生物作用引起的热力学和巩俐学同位素分馏均为与质量有关的分馏。非质量同位素分馏效应应是由一些特殊的气相光化学反应引起的，它可以解释一些元素浓度，甚至单个同位素比值无法揭示的特殊的作用过程。笔者首次在山东新泰地区新太古代层状硫化物中观测到了明显的硫同位素非质量分馏效应。δ33S、δ34S呈线性排列，且与硫同位素质量分馏线平行，33S小于0。  相似文献   

凡口铅锌矿床同位素地球化学证据   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

汪礼明  徐文忻  李蘅  彭省临 《地球学报》2005,26(Z1):164-167

对凡口铅锌矿床不同成矿阶段进行矿物包裹体温度、硫和铅同位素测定，获得成矿第Ⅰ阶段温度为300±50℃，第Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段温度为250±50℃；并获得矿床硫化物的S同位素组成为2.1‰～26.5‰，具有δ34SPy＞δ34SSp＞δ34SGn；第Ⅰ阶段硫化物的硫同位素组成随赋存层位由老到新硫同位素有逐渐减小趋势；第Ⅱ阶段硫化物的δ34S为14.3‰～23.8‰；第Ⅲ阶段硫化物的δ34S为5.7％~15.7‰，具有从早阶段至晚阶段硫同位素组成变化范围从大至小的减小趋势。分析获得68件铅同位素数据，其中硫化物的206Pb/204Pb比值为18.023～18.847；207Pb/204Pb比值为15.700～15.820；208Pb/204Pb比值为38.056～39.796。灰岩全岩的206Pb/204Pb比值为18.230～18.860；207Pb/204Pb比值为15.640～16.000；208Pb/204Pb比值为38.714～39.960。辉绿岩的206Pb/204Pb比值为18.570～18.650；207Pb/204Pb比值为15.260～15.620；208Pb/204Pb比值为38.650～38.960。第Ⅰ阶段δ34OH2O为13.3‰~13.1‰，δD为－50.2‰～－61.5‰；第Ⅱ阶段δ18OH2O为－2.4‰～＋10.8‰，δD为－50.2‰～－63.2‰；第Ⅲ阶段δ18OH2O为－4.9‰～－14.3‰，δD为－59.0‰～－61.0‰。  相似文献