低盐度形成的微生物膜对厚壳贻贝稚贝附着的影响   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

杨金龙  李响  王冲  凌云  包卫洋  沈和定  李家乐 《海洋科学》2013,37(8):107-113

为研究环境因子在厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)稚贝附着过程中的调控作用, 作者探讨了低盐度对微生物膜生物构成、群落结构的影响及所形成微生物膜对厚壳贻贝稚贝附着的影响。在实验室条件下, 研究微生物膜的日龄与干质量、细菌密度和硅藻密度、叶绿素a含量的关系及其对厚壳贻贝稚贝附着的影响。通过DGGE指纹图谱技术对微生物膜中的细菌群落结构多样性进行了分析。研究发现,盐度13和23时形成的微生物膜能有效促进厚壳贻贝稚贝的附着, 且盐度23、28d时稚贝附着率最高, 达到72%。相关性分析表明, 微生物膜的诱导活性与盐度、干质量、细菌密度、硅藻密度、日龄呈显著正相关性, 与叶绿素a无相关性。微生物膜的干质量、附着细菌密度及底栖硅藻密度明显随着日龄的增加而增加, 叶绿素a含量与微生物膜日龄无显著相关性。细菌群落在厚壳贻贝稚贝附着过程中发挥重要调控作用。  相似文献   

Food and feeding of Kahawai (Teleostei: Arripididae)     

Alan N. Baker 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(2):291-299

Analysis of 326 stomachs of the kahawai, Arripis trutta (Bloch and Schneider), from Wellington Harbour showed that the fish is a voracious carnivore which feeds mainly on fishes and to a lesser extent on planktonic crustaceans. The kahawai is principally a pelagic feeder, but occasionally takes food from the sea bottom; it appears to feed on those fishes which are locally most abundant, and follows shoals of small fish on which it preys. Small kahawai below 100 mm in length eat mainly copepods.  相似文献   

Active diapirism and slope steepening,northern gulf of Mexico continental slope     

Ray G. Martin  Arnold H. Bouma 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(1):63-91

Abstract

Large diapiric and nondiapiric masses of Jurassic salt and Tertiary shale underlie the northern Gulf of Mexico continental slope and adjacent outer continental shelf. These masses show evidence of being structurally active at present and in the very recent geologic past. Local steepening of the sea floor in response to the vertical growth of these structures is a serious concern to those involved in the site selection and the construction of future oil and gas production and transportation facilities in this frontier petroleum province.

The seabed of the northern Gulf slope is hummocky and consists of many hillocks, knolls, and ridges interspersed by topographic depressions and canyon systems. Topographic highs and lows relate respectively to vertical diapiric growth and to withdrawal of large volumes of salt and shale. Topographic highs vary considerably in shape and size, but all have very limited areas of nearly flat sea floor. Intraslope topographic lows consist of three principal types: (1) remnants of submarine canyons blocked by diapiric uplift that terminated active downslope sediment transport common during stages of low sea level; (2) closed depressions formed by subsidence in response to salt and shale withdrawal and flow into surrounding diapiric uplifts; and (3) small collapse basins formed by faulting in strata arched over structural crests of diapirs.

Distribution patterns of both diapiric features and sediment accumulations on the slope are the result of the complex relationship that exists between sediment loading and diapirism. Diapiric activity is proportional to the thickness of salt or underconsolidated shale available for mobilization, and to the sedimentary load distribution on these highly plastic deposits. Variations in overburden load, in turn, are dependent on rates, volumes, and bulk densities of depo‐sitional influx; proximity to sources of supply, erosion, and distribution of sediments; and topographic control of sediment accumulation. Sediment capture in diapirically controlled interdomal basins and canyon systems localizes overburden load, thus inducing further diapiric growth, and complex structural and stratigraphic patterns are induced throughout the continental slope region.

Drill cores in the slope province indicate that most of the slope sediments are fine‐grained muds; appreciable quantities of sand‐size sediment are present principally in canyon axes. Turbidite sand layers drilled on a topographic high adjacent to the Gyre Basin reflect uplift far above their original deposition level, and calculations yield rates of uplift that average 2 to 4 m per 100 years. Seismic reflection profiles provide considerable evidence of “fresh”; slumps and ero‐sional surfaces on the flanks of many topographic highs not yet blanketed by a veneer of young sediments. This evidence thus supports our conclusion that the present continental slope region of the northern Gulf of Mexico is undergoing active diapirism and consequent slope steepening. Because most of the sediment on the flanks of diapiric structures consists of underconsolidated muds, slumping will take place regularly in response to further diapiric movement.  相似文献   

Geotechnical aspects of earthquake‐induced settlement of clay layer     

Hiroshi Matsuda  Sukeo O‐Hara 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(3):179-206

Abstract

It has been observed that earthquake‐induced settlement depends on the excess pore water pressure accumulated during an earthquake. In particular, in the case where a clay layer is overconsolidated, excess pore water pressure is produced and settlement occurs by dissipation of the excess pore water pressure, which is very large in comparison with the coefficient of secondary compression. Therefore, if the settlement of clay ground induced by secondary compression becomes a serious problem, careful consideration of the earthquake‐induced settlement is needed. In this article, the settlement characteristics of a clay layer induced by cyclic shear are discussed, including the effects of loading period, the threshold shear strain below which no excess pore pressure or no settlement takes place, and the relationships between uniform shear strain cycles and irregular strain‐time histories. Then a calculation procedure for estimating the earthquake‐induced settlement is developed and applied to three soil profile cases, including the clay layers in Mexico City and Osaka Bay in Japan. In the case of a soil profile in Mexico City, settlements of about 0–3 cm are estimated and these values agree reasonably with the leveling results for the Mexico City earthquake of 1985. Furthermore, it is pointed out that the settlement induced by earthquakes is considerably affected by differences in the accelerograms.  相似文献   

Theoretical studies on penetration resistance of suction caissons in clay     

Yuqi Wu  Qing Yang 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(5):558-567

ABSTRACT

The suction caisson is commonly a top-closed cylindrical steel structure with large diameter, short length and much thinner skirt wall thickness. The resistance to penetrating is calculated as the sum of the tip bearing capacity and the adhesion on the both sides of the skirt wall. Since the thickness of the skirt wall is very small, the downward adhesion produced by the skirt wall will cause the additional vertical stress and shear stress in the soil at the skirt tip level, increasing the skirt tip resistance. However, the increase in skirt tip resistance caused by the additional vertical stress rather than shear stress in soil at the skirt tip level was only considered, this may lead to an inaccurate estimation for the tip bearing capacity and the suction required. Thus, a modified slip-line field is put forward in this study to estimate the tip resistance. The expression of obtaining the minimum suction to install the suction caisson in clay is derived in terms of the force equilibrium. Results from calculations of the minimum suction have been proved to be in a good agreement with the measured data.  相似文献   

基于农户空间行为变迁的乡村人居环境研究   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

李伯华  曾菊新 《地理与地理信息科学》2009,25(5)

城市化进程中乡村社会经济取得巨大成就的同时,也伴随出现了一些新的现象、问题与发展趋势,如乡村人居环境持续恶化等.该文从农户空间行为变迁的角度建立了乡村人居环境研究的分析框架,探讨了农户空间行为从传统到现代演化的过程和原因,认为农户空间行为变迁是乡村人居环境演化的主要驱动力,而实现乡村人居环境优化目标就是从农户空间行为调控的内在机制出发,制定引导农户空间行为的相关政策和建议.  相似文献   

竖向荷载下矩形闭合地下连续墙桥梁基础群墙效应研究     

文华  程谦恭  陈晓东  孟凡超 《岩土力学》2009,30(1):152-156

矩形闭合地下连续墙基础（简称闭合墙基础）是一种新型的桥梁基础。通过室内模型试验,对闭合墙基础的群墙效率、沉降比等进行了研究,同时探讨了闭合墙墙间距（即内侧边长）对群墙效应的影响。试验中采用了2组不同截面尺寸的模型墙,其中A组模型墙边长小于B组模型墙,墙厚和墙高均相同。试验研究表明,闭合墙与单片墙在相同沉降下的荷载比一般都大于1,B组闭合墙荷载比和群墙效率均大于A组闭合墙;闭合墙与单片墙在相同墙顶应力下的位移比和沉降比基本都大于1,A组闭合墙位移比大于B组闭合墙。在保持墙厚和墙高不变的情况下,适当增大闭合墙基础的内侧边长可以有效地提高群墙效率和承载性能,从而获得更好的经济效益。  相似文献   

垃圾卫生填埋中的一些岩土工程技术   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

卢应发  陈朱蕾  谢文良  吕志中 《岩土力学》2009,30(1):91-98

垃圾卫生填埋是环境科学的重要研究内容,是一项综合性的研究课题。垃圾卫生填埋场高度和垃圾坝（或坑）深度的确定主要建立在岩土工程的稳定性理论基础上。在垃圾卫生填埋场中主要解决的防渗问题也是利用填埋场地质材料的渗透性质和现行的土工防渗技术,同时利用垃圾自身的物理力学特性解决填埋场排气等问题,而垃圾卫生填埋场的污水必须进行处理。从垃圾填埋场地质材料和垃圾自身的力学特性,结合某市垃圾卫生处理场实例对垃圾卫生填埋场中的一些岩土工程技术进行分析。  相似文献   

基于原位试验成果的地基非线性沉降分析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

李仁平 《岩土力学》2009,30(2):345-351

提出了利用小尺寸载荷试验（PLT）及标准贯入试验（SPT）成果准确求解地基非线性沉降的新方法。首先利用压板载荷试验成果经过双曲线拟合,确定出某一土层地基土的修正切线模量;然后根据不同深度的SPT标贯击数按照线性相关关系,确定该土层不同深度各分层土的修正切线模量;最后依据分层总和法求解地基或基础的非线性沉降。该方法的特点是能进行加载至极限状态的全过程非线性沉降分析,而计算原理简单,计算参数全部来自现场原位测试,附加应力依据压板试验成果进行自动修正。分析广东某大型油罐地基及某高层建筑筏板基础的沉降结果表明,该方法计算结果准确可靠,能满足以沉降控制为目标的地基基础工程设计要求。  相似文献   

加筋路基处治不均匀沉降模型试验研究   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4  

羊晔  刘松玉  邓永锋 《岩土力学》2009,30(3):703-706

通过室内小比例模型试验,模拟高速公路过渡段施工中经常采用的土工格栅加筋路基,研究土工格栅加筋结构能否有效控制高速公路过渡段的不均匀沉降。试验共设计了不铺设土工格栅、铺设1层土工格栅在路基上、中、下位置、铺设2层土工格栅在路基上中、中下、上下位置铺设,以及铺设3层土工格栅上中下位置,共8种工况,分析各种土工格栅加筋方案中路基的不均匀沉降和土工格栅的受力特性。试验结果表明,土工格栅加筋路基可明显调节过渡段的不均匀沉降,在路基的中部和上部铺设2层土工格栅的加筋效果最佳。  相似文献