A review of factors influencing the availability of dissolved oxygen to incubating salmonid embryos     

S. M. Greig  D. A. Sear  P. A. Carling 《水文研究》2007,21(3):323-334

Previous investigations into factors influencing incubation success of salmonid progeny have largely been limited to the development of empirical relationships between characteristics of the incubation environment and survival to emergence. It is suggested that adopting a process‐based approach to assessing incubation success aids identification of the precise causes of embryonic mortalities, and provides a robust framework for developing and implementing managerial responses. Identifying oxygen availability within the incubation environment as a limiting factor, a comprehensive review of trends in embryonic respiration, and processes influencing the flux of oxygenated water through gravel riverbeds is provided. The availability of oxygen to incubating salmonid embryos is dependent on the exchange of oxygenated water with the riverbed, and the ability of the riverbed gravel medium to transport this water at a rate and concentration appropriate to support embryonic respiratory requirements. Embryonic respiratory trends indicate that oxygen consumption varies with stage of development, ambient water temperature and oxygen availability. The flux of oxygenated water through the incubation environment is controlled by a complex interaction of intragravel and extragravel processes and factors. The processes driving the exchange of channel water with gravel riverbeds include bed topography, bed permeability, and surface roughness effects. The flux of oxygenated water through riverbed gravels is controlled by gravel permeability, coupling of surface–subsurface flow and oxygen demands imposed by materials infiltrating riverbed gravels. Temporally and spatially variable inputs of groundwater can also influence the oxygen concentration of interstitial water. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

升温与硝酸盐加富对鹿角杯形珊瑚幼虫的生理影响          下载免费PDF全文

张芳  孙有方  俞晓磊  江雷  黄晖 《应用海洋学学报》2020,39(2):172-180

选择三亚鹿回头近岸海域常见的鹿角杯形珊瑚(Pocillopora damicornis)幼虫为研究对象,采用室内连续培养的方法,探究了升温(29℃和31℃)与硝酸盐加富(0、5、20μmol/dm^3)对鹿角杯形珊瑚幼虫共生体的生理影响。结果表明:升温和硝酸盐加富对鹿角杯形珊瑚幼虫存活率与共生虫黄藻叶绿素荧光指数(Fv/Fm)无显著影响,但对幼虫附着率的影响表现为明显的交互作用。升温条件下,各处理珊瑚幼虫附着率均显著下降,且硝酸盐加富加剧了升温对珊瑚幼虫附着率的负面影响。再者,升温对幼虫呼吸速率的影响与硝酸盐的浓度有关,5μmol/dm^3硝酸盐处理抵消了升温对幼虫呼吸的促进作用;与此同时,5μmol/dm^3硝酸盐处理提高了幼虫的净光合作用而且光合呼吸速率比(PG/RD)大于2,表明此时珊瑚幼虫共生体系光合作用固定的有机碳为净累积。综上,适量的硝酸盐加富可以缓解升温对珊瑚幼虫代谢的负面影响,但高浓度硝酸盐加富则会不利于鹿角杯形珊瑚幼虫的附着及种群的本地补充。  相似文献   

Exploring a first-principles-based model for zooplankton respiration     

Packard  Ted T.; Gomez  May 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2008,65(3):371-378

  相似文献   

共炮检距道集波动方程保幅叠前深度偏移方法   总被引：9，自引：9，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

刘定进  印兴耀 《地球物理学进展》2007,22(2):492-501

本文提出了一种基于双平方根算子的共炮检距道集波动方程保幅叠前深度偏移方法,将振幅误差补偿作为偏移的一部分与“运动学偏移”一起在偏移过程中实现.其基本内容包括：(1)从保幅的单平方根算子方程出发,推导出由双平方根算子定义的保幅单程波方程;(2)根据地震波摄动理论把速度场分裂为层内常速背景和变速扰动,分别在频率－波数域和频率－空间域求得波场深度延拓的偏移时移量及振幅校正系数,从而得到最终的DSR保幅波场延拓算子;(3)在高频假设条件下,把DSR保幅波场延拓公式中的积分运算进行稳相近似,得到保幅波场延拓的相移公式.理论分析和模型数值试验表明,该方法不但可以使散射能量聚焦、归位,提高成像精度;而且可以输出正确反映地下反射系数的振幅信息,为后续的地震属性分析（如AVO/AVA）提供更真实的地震信息.  相似文献   

冀东平原土壤重金属元素的存在形态及有效性分析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

栾文楼刘洪微  温小亚杜 俊李振宁  陈志贤谷海峰 《中国地质》2010,37(2):508-514

通过对冀东平原根系土中8种重金属元素形态含量的统计与分析,总结出其形态组成特征,初步分析了各重金属元素在土壤中的地球化学行为。笔者运用相关性分析方法,对重金属元素有效态含量与全量及土壤pH、TOC的相关性进行分析,从而得出重金属元素有效态含量的高低不仅受其全量的影响,而且与土壤pH、TOC亦有密切关系,这为表层土壤重金属元素污染程度的科学合理评价提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

水源涵养功能概念的生态和水文视角辨析     

高红凯  刘俊国  高光耀  夏军 《地理学报》2023,78(1):139-148

水源涵养是评价陆地生态系统服务功能的重要指标,然而学界对水源涵养功能概念和计算方法仍存在诸多争论。这一方面说明水源涵养功能评估具有重要的现实意义,同时也说明其概念的复杂性和模糊性,亟需从生态学和水文学的基本理论出发,厘清水源涵养功能概念的内涵和评估方法,促进科学决策和有效管理。研究水源涵养功能时,生态学家更关注陆地生态系统的蓄水能力（Smax）,而水文学家更关注流域的产流量（Q）,两者均具有合理性,但各有侧重,若不分别辨析,极易造成概念混淆。理论和数据分析表明,蓄水能力和产流量虽然联系紧密,但概念完全不同。陆地生态系统的Smax决定了流域对降水的分配：即蒸散发（绿水）和Q（蓝水）,Smax和Q在降水量一定的情况下往往存在此消彼长的关系。研究发现生态系统的根区蓄水能力（SRmax）是联系绿水和蓝水的核心要素,是水源涵养功能评估的关键变量。大尺度根区蓄水能力主要由气候决定,可借鉴工程水文中设计水库的累积曲线法,根据生态系统用水的生存策略通过气候反演。最后,本文提出3点建议：(1)在实践中分别评估生态系统的绿水和蓝水涵养功能;(2)进一步全面考虑冰川积雪、地下水等多要素的水源涵养功能;(3)...  相似文献   

中龄和老龄杉木人工林细根序级形态和呼吸特征     

熊德成  黄锦学  杨智杰  陈光水  杨玉盛 《福建地理》2014,(2):45-51

以福建省南平市王台镇溪后村安曹下19年生和91年生杉木人工林为研究对象,对其1~5级细根的形态及呼吸特征进行了比较研究。结果表明:2个林分细根直径、根长、组织密度随序级升高逐渐增大,比根长及比根呼吸随序级升高则减小;2个林分细根仅在4级根之间和5级根之间的直径以及5级根之间的比根呼吸具有显著差异(P0.05)。方差分析表明林龄仅对细根直径有极显著影响(P0.01),对根长、比根长、组织密度及比根呼吸的影响均不显著;林龄和序级的交互作用对细根直径,比根长及比根呼吸有显著影响(P0.05,P0.01),对根长和组织密度的影响不显著;序级对两个林分细根直径、根长、比根长、组织密度及比根呼吸的影响均达到极显著水平(P0.01)。回归分析表明2个林分细根直径、根长、比根长、组织密度及比根呼吸与序级之间具有三次函数,指数函数,或者幂函数关系。  相似文献   

Land use effects on soil organic carbon,microbial biomass and microbial activity in Changbai Mountains of Northeast China   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Xiangmin Fang  Qingli Wang  Wangming Zhou  Wei Zhao  Yawei Wei  Lijun Niu  Limin Dai 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2014,24(3):297-306

Land use changes are known to alter soil organic carbon （SOC） and microbial properties, however, information about how conversion of natural forest to agricultural land use as well as plantations affects SOC and microbial properties in the Changbai Moun- tains of Northeast China is meager. Soil carbon content, microbial biomass carbon （MBC）, basal respiration and soil carbon mineraliza- tion were studied in five selected types of land use： natural old-growth broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest （NF）; spruce plantation （SP） established following clear-cutting of NF; cropland （CL）; ginseng farmland （GF） previously under NF; and a five-year Mongolian oak young forest （YF） reforested on an abandoned GF, in the Changbai Mountains of Northeast China in 2011. Results showed that SOC content was significantly lower in SP, CL, GF, and YF than in NF. MBC ranged from 304.4 mg/kg in CL to 1350.3 mg/kg in NF, which was significantly higher in the soil of NF than any soil of the other four land use types. The SOC and MBC contents were higher in SP soil than in CL, GF, and YF soils, yielding a significant difference between SP and CL. The value of basal respiration was also higher in NF than in SP, CL, GF, and YF. Simultaneously, higher values of the metabolic quotient were detected in CL, GF, and YF soils, indicat- ing low substrate utilization of the soil microbial community compared with that in NF and SP soil. The values of cumulative mineral- ized carbon and potentially mineralized carbon （Co） in NF were significantly higher than those in CL and GF, while no significant dif- ference was observed between NF and SP. In addition, YF had higher values of Co and C mineralization rate compared with GF. The results indicate that conversion from NF into agricultural land （CL and GF） uses and plantation may lead to a reduction in soil nutrients （SOC and MBC） and substrate utilization efficiency of the microbial community. By contrast, soils below SP were more conducive to the preservation of soil organic matter, which was reflected in the comparison of microbial indicators among CL, GF, and YF land uses. This study can provide data for evaluating soils nutrients under different land use types, and serve as references for the rational land use of natural forest in the study area.  相似文献   

Soil respiration mapped by exclusively use of MODIS data for forest landscapes of Saskatchewan,Canada     

《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2014

Soil respiration (R_s) is of great importance to the global carbon balance. Remote sensing of R_s is challenging because of (1) the lack of long-term R_s data for model development and (2) limited knowledge of using satellite-based products to estimate R_s. Using 8-years (2002–2009) of continuous R_s measurements with nonsteady-state automated chamber systems at a Canadian boreal black spruce stand (SK-OBS), we found that R_s was strongly correlated with the product of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the nighttime land surface temperature (LSTn) derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery. The coefficients of the linear regression equation of this correlation between R_s and NDVI × LSTn could be further calibrated using the MODIS leaf area index (LAI) product, resulting in an algorithm that is driven solely by remote sensing observations. Modeled R_s closely tracked the seasonal patterns of measured R_s and explained 74–92% of the variance in R_s with a root mean square error (RMSE) less than 1.0 g C/m²/d. Further validation of the model from SK-OBS site at another two independent sites (SK-OA and SK-OJP, old aspen and old jack pine, respectively) showed that the algorithm can produce good estimates of R_s with an overall R² of 0.78 (p < 0.001) for data of these two sites. Consequently, we mapped R_s of forest landscapes of Saskatchewan using entirely MODIS observations for 2003 and spatial and temporal patterns of R_s were well modeled. These results point to a strong relationship between the soil respiratory process and canopy photosynthesis as indicated from the greenness index (i.e., NDVI), thereby implying the potential of remote sensing data for detecting variations in R_s. A combination of both biological and environmental variables estimated from remote sensing in this analysis may be valuable in future investigations of spatial and temporal characteristics of R_s.  相似文献   

河西绿洲农田土壤呼吸特征及其对长期施肥的响应     

陈仕阳  杨荣  苏永中  杜泽玉 《中国沙漠》2022,42(3):178-186

以河西走廊典型的荒漠绿洲新垦农田为研究对象,设置9个施肥处理（高量有机肥,M3;高量氮磷肥,NP3;低量氮磷肥+高量有机肥,NP1M3;低量氮磷钾肥,NPK1;中量氮磷钾肥,NPK2;高量氮磷钾肥,NPK3;低量氮磷钾肥+高量有机肥,NPK1M3;中量氮磷钾肥+中量有机肥,NPK2M2;高量氮磷钾肥+低量有机肥,NPK3M1）,于2019—2020年7—8月采用LI-COR 8100对玉米农田土壤呼吸进行观测,分析土壤呼吸的变化、日动态及其主要影响因素。结果表明：（1）不同施肥处理,土壤呼吸速率M3>NP3>NPK1M3>NPK3M1>NPK2M2>NP1M3>NPK2>NPK3>NPK1,单施有机肥能显著提高土壤呼吸速率,较其他处理增长22.1%—41.4%。（2）不同施肥措施土壤呼吸日变化呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在13：00—16：00,土壤呼吸日变化主要受土壤温度变化的影响。（3）土壤温度和土壤湿度分别解释了土壤呼吸变化的24.2%—44.8%和7.7%—36.4%,土壤呼吸与土壤温度显著正相关,而与土壤湿度无显著相关性,不同施肥处理土壤呼吸温度敏感性系数Q₁₀值1.419—1.600。（4）土壤呼吸与有机质、总氮、总碳、碱解氮存在显著正相关关系,施用有机肥使土壤有机质、总氮、总碳、碱解氮分别提升188.9%、80.5%、79.3%、147.0%,进而促进土壤呼吸,土壤呼吸与玉米产量无显著关系。不同的施肥措施会对土壤质量和土壤呼吸产生不同影响,有机肥和氮磷钾化肥的平衡施用,能够在提升土壤质量的同时减少碳排放,可在生产实践中采用。  相似文献