Hillslope run‐off thresholds with shrink–swell clay soils          下载免费PDF全文

Ryan D. Stewart  Majdi R. Abou Najm  David E. Rupp  John W. Lane  Hamil C. Uribe  José Luis Arumí  John S. Selker 《水文研究》2015,29(4):557-571

Irrigation experiments on 12 instrumented field plots were used to assess the impact of dynamic soil crack networks on infiltration and run‐off. During applications of intensity similar to a heavy rainstorm, water was seen being preferentially delivered within the soil profile. However, run‐off was not observed until soil water content of the profile reached field capacity, and the apertures of surface‐connected cracks had closed >60%. Electrical resistivity measurements suggested that subsurface cracks persisted and enhanced lateral transport, even in wet conditions. Likewise, single‐ring infiltration measurements taken before and after irrigation indicated that infiltration remained an important component of the water budget at high soil water content values, despite apparent surface sealing. Overall, although the wetting and sealing of the soil profile showed considerable complexity, an emergent property at the hillslope scale was observed: all of the plots demonstrated a strikingly similar threshold run‐off response to the cumulative precipitation amount. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

膨胀土判别与分类方法探讨   总被引：24，自引：3，他引：21  

陈善雄  余颂  孔令伟  郭爱国  刘观仕 《岩土力学》2005,26(12):1895-1899

膨胀土的胀缩等级评判是进行膨胀土处治的首要任务,开展膨胀土的判别与分类方法探讨具有重要意义。对现有膨胀土判别与分类方法进行了评价,对反映和表征膨胀土胀缩机理和特性的指标进行了深入探讨,提出了以能充分反映和表征膨胀土胀缩机理和特性的液限、塑性指数、自由膨胀率、小于0.005 mm颗粒含量、胀缩总率等5个指标作为膨胀土的判别指标,建立了一种新的膨胀土判别与分类方法,并通过试验进行了验证。新的膨胀土判别与分类方法具有准确度高、易操作的优点。  相似文献   

自由膨胀率试验的影响因素   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

郭爱国  孔令伟  陈建斌 《岩土力学》2006,27(11):1949-1953

自由膨胀率是反映黏性土的膨胀性的指标之一,对判别膨胀土有较大参考价值。由于试验所需仪器设备简单,操作简便,自由膨胀率试验是目前国内测定黏性土胀缩特性时采用较多的试验项目,但因我国现行土工试验方法标准和行业规程对自由膨胀率试验方法的一些细节的规定和说明存在不足之处,使得试验人员即使完全按标准和规程规定的方法对同一土样进行试验,也很容易出现试验结果相差较大的现象。为使自由膨胀率试验方法更完善,试验结果更稳定,分析了影响试验结果的两个主要人为因素,并针对现行的标准和规程中存在的不足提出了改进建议。  相似文献   

浅谈当宜高速公路膨胀土性质与路基稳定问题   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  

张嘉翔  姜淑花 《地球科学》2001,26(4):424-428

当宜高速公路沿线存在有大量膨胀土, 为使其加固方案合理, 避免滑坡、塌方等现象的发生, 结合当宜高速公路膨胀土试验研究及稳定性分析, 对沿线膨胀土性质与路基稳定问题进行了分析探讨, 并提出了有针对性的处治方案.   相似文献   

Comparison of nutrient loss pathways: Run‐off and seepage flow in Vertisols     

Robert Daren Harmel  Douglas R. Smith  Rick L. Haney  Peter M. Allen 《水文研究》2019,33(18):2384-2393

Recent studies have highlighted the agronomic and environmental importance of phosphorus (P) movement through the soil profile. Thus, faced with challenges such as high‐profile cases of P enrichment of surface water, better understanding of nutrient movement through soil is needed to better manage agricultural fertilizers and manures and their contribution to water quality degradation. In particular, field‐scale research is especially needed in soils with preferential flow transport pathways. Thus, we collected nitrogen (N) and P transport data in run‐off and seepage (lateral subsurface return flow) from 13 field‐ and farm‐scale watersheds on Vertisols in Central Texas for a 14‐year period. For 2004–2017, seepage accounted for ~20% of the total surface flow, and nutrient concentrations were generally similar in run‐off and seepage. As surface run‐off contributed ~80% of the flow, it follows that median annual N and P loads in run‐off were significantly greater than in seepage for every watershed. N loads in both run‐off and seepage flow from cultivated land were an order of magnitude greater than in native prairie and improved pasture, and the highest run‐off and seepage P loads both occurred on cultivated land with organic fertilizer sources. Increasing watershed scale (size) did not to produce consistent patterns in N or P loss in run‐off or seepage. Land use and watershed scale produced significant differences in seepage volume but did not affect run‐off volumes or total surface flow/rainfall. Although less significant in terms of total offsite flux, nutrient movement in vadose zones has important agronomic and environmental implications as considerable N and P are transported through and within the root zone and eventually offsite. And in terms of P, this contradicts the traditionally held scientific viewpoint that P movement through the vadose zone is unimportant agronomically and environmentally.  相似文献   

Swell impact on reef sedimentary processes: A case study of the La Reunion fringing reef     

EMMANUEL CORDIER  EMMANUEL POIZOT  YANN MÉAR 《Sedimentology》2012,59(7):2004-2023

Two surface‐sediment sampling campaigns were carried out in November and December 2003, before and after a strong swell event, in the back‐reef area of a microtidal fringing reef on the western coast of La Reunion, Indian Ocean. The spatial distributions of the mean grain size, sorting and skewness parameters are determined, and grain‐size trend analysis is performed to estimate the main sediment transport pathways in the reef. The results of this analysis are compared with hydrodynamic records obtained in the same reef area during fair weather conditions and during swell events. Sediment dynamics inferred from the hydrodynamic records show that significant sediment erosion and transport occur only during swell events and under strongly agitated sea states. Under normal wave conditions, there is a potential for onshore sediment transport from the reef‐flat to the back‐reef, but this transport is episodic and occurs principally during high‐tide stages. Sediment transport trends revealed by the grain‐size trend analysis method show onshore and alongshore low‐energy transport processes that are in agreement with the hydrodynamic records. The grain‐size trend analysis method also provides evidence of an offshore high‐energy transport trend that could be interpreted as a real physical process associated with return flow from the shore to the reef. The impact of swell on the reef sediment dynamics is clearly demonstrated by onshore and alongshore transport. Considering different combinations of the vector transport trends computed through the grain‐size trend analysis approach, more realistic and pertinent results can be obtained by applying an exclusive OR operation (XOR case) on the vectors. The main results presented here highlight a trend towards the accumulation of carbonate sands in the back‐reef area of the fringing reef. These sediments can only be resuspended during extreme events such as storms or tropical cyclones.  相似文献   

Analysis of the global swell distributions using ECMWF Re-analyses wind wave data     

Jie Zhang  Weili Wang  Changlong Guan 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2011,10(4):325-330

The existence of three well-defined tongue-shaped zones of swell dominance, termed as ‘swell pools’, in the Pacific, the Atlantic and the Indian Oceans, was reported by Chen et al. (2002) using satellite data. In this paper, the ECMWF Re-analyses wind wave data, including wind speed, significant wave height, averaged wave period and direction, are applied to verify the existence of these swell pools. The swell indices calculated from wave height, wave age and correlation coefficient are used to identify swell events. The wave age swell index can be more appropriately related to physical processes compared to the other two swell indices. Based on the ECMWF data the swell pools in the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans are confirmed, but the expected swell pool in the Indian Ocean is not pronounced. The seasonal variations of global and hemispherical swell indices are investigated, and the argument that swells in the pools seemed to originate mostly from the winter hemisphere is supported by the seasonal variation of the averaged wave direction. The northward bending of the swell pools in the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans in summer is not revealed by the ECMWF data. The swell pool in the Indian Ocean and the summer northward bending of the swell pools in the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans need to be further verified by other datasets.  相似文献   

Phylogenetic analysis of cultivable bacteria isolated from Arctic sea-ice     

林学政  沈继红  黄晓航  高爱国 《极地研究(英文版)》2007,18(1):84-89

Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA of 8 strains of cultivable bacteria isolated from Arctic sea-ice was studied.The results showed that strain BJ1 belonged to genus Planococcus,which was a genus of low mole percent G C gram-positive bacteria;strain BJ6 belonged to genus Burkholderia of β-proteobacteria and the rest 6 strain all belonged to γ-proteobacteria,of which strain BJ8 was a species of Pseudoalteromonas,strain BJ2-BJ5 and BJ7 were members of genus Psychrobacter.Phylogenetic analysis also indicated that bacteria of genus Psychrobacter of the isolates formed a relatively independent phylogenetic cluster in comparison with other bacteria belonged to genus Psychrobacter.  相似文献   

0801号台风风浪场和涌浪场的数值模拟     

韩晓伟  周林  游大鸣  萧中乐 《南京气象学院学报》2011,34(5):597-605

利用美国国家海洋大气总局/美国国家环境预报中心（NOAA/NCEP）发布的最新版WAV-EWATCHⅢ（version3.14）海浪模式对0801号台风＂浣熊＂进行数值模拟,并在此基础上对台风浪的发展过程和台风影响下的海面有效波高、风浪场及涌浪场的分布特征进行分析。结果表明：海面有效波高的分布和演变受台风系统强度和移动的影响;台风过程中所产生的大浪主要为风浪;涌浪场的分布与风浪场的分布几乎相反,涌浪场基本分布在远离台风中心的外围海域;涌浪场波高比风浪场波高要小。  相似文献   

空气反循环取样钻探岩心采取率的计算方法探讨     

邓梦春  陆生林  黄晟辉 《探矿工程》2013,40(9):6-8,13

介绍了RC钻探岩矿心采取率计算的国内现状,对质量采取率和体积采取率的计算方法进行了探讨,并对比了它们的优缺点。建议采用体积采取率作为RC钻孔的质量考核指标。  相似文献