退化森林生态系统恢复过程的碳同位素示踪   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8       下载免费PDF全文

沈承德  孙彦敏  易惟熙  彭少麟  李志安 《第四纪研究》2001,21(5):452-460

本文以鼎湖山自然保护区和鹤山丘陵综合试验站为对象,开展不同地区、不同森林类型的土壤有机碳(SOC)同位素示踪研究,探讨退化生态系统恢复过程中碳同位素的示踪作用.庆云寺和仓下剖面代表自然林,SOC的δ13C平均值分别为-24.63‰和-23.76‰;坑口和马占林剖面代表草坡上植树造林恢复的人工林,SOC的δ13C平均值分别为-21.22‰和-22.73‰;剖面底界SOC的14C表观年龄前者分别为8 750aB.P.和10 315aB.P.,后者分别为2 880aB.P.和4113aB.P..在SOC的14C表观年龄老的丘陵草坡上进行退化生态系统重建,有利于人工森林群落向地带性森林群落演替.  相似文献   

Dispersive Particle Transport: Identification of Macroscale Behavior in Heterogeneous Stratified Subsurface Flows     

Ali Fadili  Rachid Ababou  Roland Lenormand 《Mathematical Geology》1999,31(7):793-840

Dispersive mass transport processes in naturally heterogeneous geological formations (porous media) are investigated based on a particle approach to mass transport and on its numerical implementation using LPT3D, a Lagrangian Particle Tracking 3D code. We are currently using this approach for studying microscale and macroscale space–time behavior (advection, diffusion, dispersion) of tracer plumes, solutes, or miscible fluids, in 1,2,3-dimensional heterogeneous and anisotropic subsurface formations (aquifers, petroleum reservoirs). Our analyses are based on a general advection-diffusion model and numerical scheme where concentrations and fluxes are discretized in terms of particles. The advection-diffusion theory is presented in a probabilistic framework, and in particular, a numerical analysis is developed for the case of advective transport and rotational flows (numerical stability of the explicit Euler scheme). The remainder of the paper is devoted to the behavior of concentration, mass flux density, and statistical moments of the transported tracer plume in the case of heterogeneous steady flow fields, where macroscale dispersion occurs due to geologic heterogeneity and stratification. We focus on the case of perfectly stratified or multilayered media, obtained by generating many horizontal layers with a purely random transverse distribution of permeability and horizontal velocity. In this case, we calculate explicitly the exact mass concentration field C(x, t), mass flux density field f(x, t), and moments. This includes spatial moments and dispersion variance ² _x (t) on a finite domain L, and temporal moments on a finite time scale T, e.g., the mass variance of arrival times ² _T (x). The moments are related to flux concentrations in a way that takes explicitly into account finite space–time scales of analysis (time-dependent tracer mass; spatially variable flow through mass). The multilayered model problem is then used in numerical experiments for testing different ways of recovering information on tracer plume migration, dispersion, concentration and flux fields. Our analyses rely on a probabilistic interpretation that emerges naturally from the particle approach; it is based on spatial moments (particle positions), temporal moments (mass weighted arrival times), and probability densities (both concentrations and fluxes). Finally, as an alternative to direct estimations of the flux and concentration fields, we formulate and study the Moment Inverse Problem. Solving the MIP yields an indirect method for estimating the space–time distribution of flux concentrations based on observed or estimated moments of the plume. The moments may be estimated from field measurements, or numerically computed by particle tracking as we do here.  相似文献   

Atmospheric ozone over Australia — A review     

R. N. Kulkarni 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1980,118(1):387-400

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Natural tracers in recent groundwaters from different Alpine aquifers   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Sybille?KilchmannEmail author  H.?Niklaus?Waber  Aurele?Parriaux  Michael?Bensimon 《Hydrogeology Journal》2004,12(6):643-661

Groundwater with underground residence times between days and a few years have been investigated over more than 20 years from 487 remote sites located in different aquifer types in the Alpine belt. Analysis of the data reveals that groundwaters evolved in crystalline, evaporite, carbonate, molasse, and flysch aquifers can be clearly distinguished based on their major and trace element composition and degree of mineralisation. A further subdivision can be made even within one aquifer type based on the trace element compositions, which are characteristic for the lithologic environment. Major and trace element concentrations can be quantitatively described by interaction of the groundwater with the aquifer-specific mineralogy along the flow path. Because all investigated sites show minimal anthropogenic influences, the observed concentration ranges represent the natural background concentrations and can thus serve as a geo-reference for recent groundwaters from these five aquifer types. This geo-reference is particularly useful for the identification of groundwater contamination. It further shows that drinking water standards can be grossly exceeded for critical elements by purely natural processes.

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Resumen Durnate más de 20 años se ha investigado aguas subterráneas con una residencia subterránea con una duración de días a varios años en 487 puntos remotos localizados en diferentes tipos de acuíferos en la cadena alpina. El análisis de los datos revela que las aguas subterráneas que han evolucionado dentro de acuíferos cristalinos, evaporíticos, carbonatos, flysch, y molasse se pueden distignuir claramente en base a la composición de sus elementos mayores y marcadores y al grado de minerlización. Asimismo es posible hacer una subdivisión más específica incluso dentro de un tipo de acuífero en base a las composiciones de los elementos marcadores los cuales soncaracterísticos del ambiente litológico. Las concentraciones de los elementos marcadores se pueden describir cuantitativamente por la interacción de las aguas subterráneas con la mineralogía específica del acuífero a lo largo del trayecto del flujo. Puesto qze todos los puntos investigados muestran mínimas influencias antropogénicas, los rangos deconcentraciones observados representan las concentraciones delescenario natural y, por tanto, pueden servir como georeferencia para aguas subterráneas recientes que forman parte de estos cinco tipos de acuíferos. Esta georeferencia es particularmente útil para la identificcación de contaminación de aguas subterráneas. Asimismo muestra que los estándares de agua potable pueden mostrar excesos en elementos críticos por procesos puramente naturales.

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Résumé Leau souterraine ayant résidé sous la surface du sol entre quelques jours et quelques années a été étudiée sur une période de plus de 20 ans à partir de 487 sites éloignés situés dans différents types daquifères de la ceinture alpine. Lanalyse des données révèle que leau qui a évoluée dans des aquifères cristallins, évaporitiques, carbonatés, molassiques et composés de flysch, peut être facilement différenciée sur la base de sa composition en éléments majeurs et traces, ainsi que par son degré de minéralisation. Une subdivision supplémentaire peut être apportée à lintérieur même dun type daquifère en se basant sur la composition des éléments traces, lesquels sont caractéristiques de lenvironnement lithologique. La concentration en éléments majeurs et traces peut être expliquée quantitativement par linteraction de leau souterraine avec la composition minéralogique spécifique de laquifère le long des lignes découlement. Puisque la majorité des sites étudiés ne montrent que très peu dinfluences anthropogéniques, le registre de concentrations observées représente la concentration de fond naturelle et peut ainsi servir comme géo-référence pour les eaux souterraines récentes dans ces cinq types daquifères. Ces géo-références sont particulièrement utiles pour lidentification de la contamination des eaux souterraines. Par ailleurs, cela démontre que les standards deau potable peuvent être excédés pour certains éléments en raison de processus purement naturels.

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Analysis of aquifer heterogeneity within a well capture zone,comparison of model data with field experiments: A case study from the river Wiese,Switzerland     

Christian Regli  Martin Rauber  Peter Huggenberger 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2003,65(2):111-128

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The Aubonne karst aquifer (Swiss Jura)     

Marc Luetscher et Jérome Perrin 《Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae》2005,98(2):237-248

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温度探测土坝圆柱状集中渗漏模型研究     

王新建  陈建生 《水文地质工程地质》2006,33(4):31-36

渗漏是堤坝破坏主要形式之一，只有确定渗漏发生的确切位置和集中渗漏通道的大小和强度，才能对其有效治理。本文基于渗流和渗漏情况下堤坝温度场特征及温度示踪基本原理，对复杂的实际问题进行科学简化合理假设，把集中渗漏通道简化为圆柱状并作为边界条件，结合钻孔探测温度实际，运用稳定热传导理论，建立了圆柱状堤坝渗漏温度示踪模型。利用测井温度曲线的最大异常温度，该模型可以计算渗漏通道的位置，渗漏通道大小，流速等参数。工程实践表明，对于垂向流速较小的地下水渗漏进行温度场示踪是有效的方法。  相似文献   

Rare-earth element geochemistry as a tracer for clarifying the provenance of the stream sediments in Namhan River, Korea     

Seunggu LEE Jinkwan KIM Dongyoon YANG Juyong KIM 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):270-270

In the last forty years, the rare-earth elements （REEs） have been used as a powerful tool for solving various geological and geochemical problems due to their unique and chemically coherent behavior. The river sediments are produced by weathering, transportation and deposition. Nesbitt suggested that the rare-earth elements had been mobilized and fractionated during supracrustal alteration of the Torrongo granite, southeastern Australia. Nevertheless, recently, our replicate estimation for REE patterns in sediments revealed that there is nearly no variation in REE patterns. This suggests that invariability of REE patterns in weathering and solidification can be used as a tracer for constraining the provenance of stream sediments. In order to trace the pathway of the river sediments geochemically, based on the REE geochemistry from the river sediments and rocks, we have monitored the REE abundance of stream sediments at branch rivers of the Namhan River in South Korea for three years. The branches studied are Bokhacheon, Shinduncheon and Yanghwacheon. The sediments were divided into coarse （〉300 μm） and fine fractions （〈300 μm）. As a result, we could observe that major element compositions were similar to each other regardless of particle size and sampling date. This suggests that it is difficult to deduce a geochemical difference between river sediments based on major element composition and particle size. The geochemical characteristics of surrounding soils were similar to those of fine river sediments. And the chondrite-normalized REE patterns of most of the fine and coarse sediments in combination with grain sizes and drainage area showed very close relationship with the surrounding rocks. However, some sites showed that there were large variations in REE patterns including total REE abundance and Eu anomaly due to feldspars. This variation trend of REE patterns suggests that changes might have happened in sediment supply for the drainage system in the study area due to floods or large-scale construction.  相似文献   

一个太平洋海盆尺度环流模式及其模拟结果   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3  

徐永福  李阳春  赵亮  李荣凤  俞永强 《大气科学》2006,30(5):927-938

在中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室(LASG)发展的全球气候海洋环流模式(LICOM)的基础上构建了一个太平洋海盆环流模式,并对其模拟结果进行了深入的分析.在模拟中对中尺度示踪物输送采用了两种方案,即传统的水平扩散方案(HOR)和包括涡旋诱导速度的等密度面扩散方案(GM).对这两个试验的气候平衡态结果分析发现,该模式较好地模拟出了太平洋的环流特征,包括副热带大涡、副极地涡旋以及南极绕流(ACC)等.赤道附近的各种流系亦得到了较好的模拟,模拟的150°W赤道潜流的最大流速为40 cm/s,出现在次表层130 m左右,虽然模拟值比基于NCEP资料估计的最大流速80 cm/s小,但与其位置十分相近.两个试验均较好地模拟出了温盐的分布结构,包括北太平洋和南太平洋中层水的形成以及南极底层水的输送等.通过详细分析两个试验结果发现,总的说来在目前模式所采用的参数条件下,GM的结果稍好于HOR的结果.这些模拟结果表明,在LICOM基础上构建的太平洋环流模式从总体上是能再现许多观测特征的,可为今后进一步研究被动示踪物在北太平洋的分布等问题提供一个十分有用的工具.  相似文献   

The use of laboratory experiments for the study of conservative solute transport in heterogeneous porous media   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

S. E. Silliman  L. Zheng  P. Conwell 《Hydrogeology Journal》1998,6(1):166-177

 Laboratory experiments on heterogeneous porous media (otherwise known as intermediate scale experiments, or ISEs) have been increasingly relied upon by hydrogeologists for the study of saturated and unsaturated groundwater systems. Among the many ongoing applications of ISEs is the study of fluid flow and the transport of conservative solutes in correlated permeability fields. Recent advances in ISE design have provided the capability of creating correlated permeability fields in the laboratory. This capability is important in the application of ISEs for the assessment of recent stochastic theories. In addition, pressure-transducer technology and visualization methods have provided the potential for ISEs to be used in characterizing the spatial distributions of both hydraulic head and local water velocity within correlated permeability fields. Finally, various methods are available for characterizing temporal variations in the spatial distribution (and, thereby, the spatial moments) of solute concentrations within ISEs. It is concluded, therefore, that recent developments in experimental techniques have provided an opportunity to use ISEs as important tools in the continuing study of fluid flow and the transport of conservative solutes in heterogeneous, saturated porous media. Received, December 1996 · Revised, July 1997 · Accepted, August 1997  相似文献