Exploring some relationships between biological soil crusts, soil aggregation and wind erosion   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

David J. Eldridge  John F. Leys 《Journal of Arid Environments》2003,53(4):457-466

A portable wind tunnel was used to test the contribution of biological and physical elements to overall soil aggregation on a soil dominated by biological soil crusts in south-eastern Australia. After moderate disturbance and simulated wind erosion, 90% of surface aggregates on the loamy soil and 76% on the sandy soil were dominated by biological elements (cryptogams). Lower levels of biological bonding were observed on the severely disturbed treatment. Linear regression indicated a significant positive relationship (r²=0·72) between biological soil crust cover and dry aggregation levels greater than 0·85mm. To maintain sediment transport below an erosion control target of 5gm⁻¹s⁻¹ for a 65kmh⁻¹ wind at 10m height, a crust cover of approximately 20% is required. When a multiple regression model which sequentially fitted biological crust cover and dry aggregation greater than 0·85mm was applied to the data, dry aggregation accounted for more of the variation in sediment transport rate than biological crust cover. These data were used to develop a conceptual model which integrates crust cover and dry aggregation, and provides a useful framework within which to predict the likely impacts of changes in soil crust cover and aggregation.  相似文献   

热害矿井巷道温度场分布规律研究   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

张树光  孙树魁  张向东  薛强 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2003,14(3):9-11

为解决深部开采带来的热害问题，基于地质学和热力学理论，建立了热害矿井巷道温度场的数学模型，研究了巷道内部温度场随埋深和通风热速的变化规律。计算结果表明，巷道温度场对埋深的敏感度要高于风速、温度随埋深的增加而呈阶段性递增。控制入口温度是解决矿井热害的关键。以上结论为矿井热害的综合治理提供了重要依据。  相似文献   

美国西部地震烈度衰减规律   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

石树中  沈建文 《世界地震工程》2003,19(3):50-55

在国家和地区地震动区划和重大工程的地震安全性评价工作中，区域地震动衰减规律的确定是重要环节，而借用法是目前常用的建立区域地震动衰减的方法。我国借用法通常都把美国西部作为参考地区，但一般都采用调整美国学者已有烈度衰减规律的办法确定美国西部烈度衰减规律。本文讨论美国西部已有烈度衰减规律，并直接采用美国西部烈度调查资料建立烈度衰减规律，结果可供我国工程地震工作者参考。  相似文献   

利用GIS进行地震滑坡分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

陈晓利  叶洪 《山西地震》2003,(2):17-19

地震滑坡是由地震引发的一种十分严重的震害，它对人类生命财产所造成的损失是巨大的。地震滑坡事件是一个复杂的过程．影响因素多种多样，滑坡的形成机制十分复杂。为正确认识地震滑坡，以1920年宁夏海原大地震为例，利用GIS强大的空间分析功能，多角度、多层次地对地震滑坡的形成、发生、发展机制进行了研究。指出了用GIS技术研究地震烈度等对地震滑坡的影响作用、合理评价和预测某一地区地震滑坡发生的可能性。  相似文献   

1303年山西洪洞8级大地震研究综述   总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1  

苏宗正  袁正明  赵晋泉 《山西地震》2003,(3):4-9,22

叙述了1967年至2002年间国内有关研究1303年山西洪洞8级大地震的进展情况。综合叙述了有关这次地震的地震参数、地震破坏、地震断层、地震形变遗迹、地震发生的新构造与深部构造等。  相似文献   

江淮地区地震烈度衰减关系的研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

翟洪涛  刘欣  刘庆忠  张毅 《华北地震科学》2003,21(4):30-34

地震烈度衰减关系具有较强的地区性,这是由于不同地区的震源特性、传播介质和场地条件的不同而引起.研究区(北纬29°～35°,东经114°～120°)位于华北地震区和华南地震区之间的过渡地区,地震活动性总体水平不高,烈度衰减关系有其自身的震源特性、传播介质和场地衰减特性等.本次工作重新挑选震例,对研究区的地震烈度衰减规律进行了统计回归分析,并与该地区已有的地震烈度衰减关系进行认真的比较分析.  相似文献   

Discussion on the feature of strong earthquake: Orderly distribution in time, space and intensity before the Western Kunlun Mountain Pass M=8.1 earthquake     

张晓东  张永仙  吕梅梅  余素荣 《地震学报(英文版)》2003,16(6)

Introduction The Western Kunlun Mountain Pass M=8.1 earthquake occurred on November 14, 2001 is the other M=8 earthquake occurred 50 years after Dangxiong, Tibet M=8.0 earthquake in Chinese mainland. The earthquake has caused the attention of the seismologists in the following aspects: 1) The fracture length is more than 400 km, which is far away from the estimated length by the statistic empirical function between the magnitude and the fracture length (WANG, et al, 2002); 2) The aftersh…  相似文献   

New national seismic zoning map of China     

高孟潭 《地震学报(英文版)》2003,16(6):639-645

1 Background of the new national seismic zoning map The policy of seismic disaster mitigation in the Chinese mainland is prevention first. According to the law, the earthquake design for ordinary structures must fit the demand of national seismic zoning map. Seismic zoning map is the basis of the earthquake design (TANG, 1998; WU, et al, 1998). The seismic zoning map must be updated with the progress in methodology and accumula-tion of the data. There are three generations of national seis…  相似文献   

Recent ventifact development on the central Oregon coast,western USA     

Jasper Knight  Helene Burningham 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2003,28(1):87-98

The unusual location of ventifacts, on a boulder‐built jetty at the mouth of the Siuslaw River, Oregon coast, western USA, allows ventifact age and wind abrasion rates to be estimated with some precision. The jetty was built mainly between 1892–1901 and extended throughout the twentieth century. Consideration of historical shoreline position and the history of jetty construction and repair suggests the ventifacts have formed since about 1930. Morphologically the ventifacts are aligned south‐to‐north reflecting winter winds and sediment transport from the adjacent beach. Wind‐parallel grooves and ridges with sharp, sinuous crests are developed on inclined boulder surfaces on top of the jetty and reflect suspended sand transport in wind vortices. Deeply pitted surfaces on steep boulder surfaces nearest the beach reflect impact by saltating sand grains. Based on present wind regimes (1992–2000) from three regional weather stations, southerly winds above the sand transport threshold occur for 21·9–29·6 per cent of the time. Based on estimated depth of loss from boulder surfaces, wind abrasion rates are calculated to be on the order of 0·24–1·63 mm a^?1. This is the first well‐constrained field estimate of ventifact age and ventifaction rate from a modern coastal environment. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Simulation and measurement of surface shear stress over isolated and closely spaced transverse dunes in a wind tunnel     

Ian J. Walker  William G. Nickling 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2003,28(10):1111-1124

Topographic interactions generate multidirectional and unsteady air?ow that limits the application of velocity pro?le approaches for estimating sediment transport over dunes. Results are presented from a series of wind tunnel simulations using Irwin‐type surface‐mounted pressure sensors to measure shear stress variability directly at the surface over both isolated and closely spaced sharp‐crested model dunes. Findings complement existing theories on secondary air?ow effects on stoss transport dynamics and provide new information on the in?uence of lee‐side air?ow patterns on dune morphodynamics. For all speeds investigated, turbulent unsteadiness at the dune toe indicates a greater, more variable surface shear, despite a signi?cant drop in time‐averaged measurements of streamwise shear stress at this location. This effect is believed suf?cient to inhibit sediment deposition at the toe and may be responsible for documented intermittency in sand transport in the toe region. On the stoss slope, streamline compression and ?ow acceleration cause an increase in ?ow steadiness and shear stress to a maximum at the crest that is double that at the toe of the isolated dune and 60–70 per cent greater than at ?ow reattachment on the lower stoss of closely spaced dunes. Streamwise ?ow accelerations, rather than turbulence, have greater in?uence on stress generation on the stoss and this effect increases with stoss slope distance and with incident wind speed. Reversed ?ow within the separation cell generates signi?cant surface shear (30–40 per cent of maximum values) for both spacings. This supports ?eld studies that suggest reversed ?ow is competent enough to return sediment to the dune directly or in a de?ected direction. High variability in shear at reattachment indicates impact of a turbulent shear layer that, despite low values of time‐averaged streamwise stress in this region, would inhibit sediment accumulation. Downwind of reattachment, shear stress and ?ow steadiness increase within 6 h (h = dune height) of reattachment and approach upwind values by 25 h. A distance of at least 30 h is suggested for full boundary layer recovery, which is comparable to ?uvial estimates. The Irwin sensor used in this study provides a reliable means to measure skin friction force responsible for sand transport and its robust, simple, and cost‐effective design shows promise for validating these ?ndings in natural dune settings. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献