On the swelling potential of compacted high plasticity clays     

Valry Ferber  Jean-Claude Auriol  Yu-Jun Cui  Jean-Pierre Magnan 《Engineering Geology》2009,104(3-4):200-210

We conducted a study of the spatial distributions of seismicity and earthquake hazard parameters for Turkey and the adjacent areas, applying the maximum likelihood method. The procedure allows for the use of either historical or instrumental data, or even a combination of the two. By using this method, we can estimate the earthquake hazard parameters, which include the maximum regional magnitude Mˆ_max, the activity rate of seismic events and the well-known bˆ value, which is the slope of the frequency-magnitude Gutenberg-Richter relationship. These three parameters are determined simultaneously using an iterative scheme. The uncertainty in the determination of the magnitudes was also taken into consideration. The return periods (RP) of earthquakes with a magnitude M ≥ m are also evaluated. The whole examined area is divided into 24 seismic regions based on their seismotectonic regime. The homogeneity of the magnitudes is an essential factor in such studies. In order to achieve homogeneity of the magnitudes, formulas that convert any magnitude to an M_S-surface scale are developed. New completeness cutoffs and their corresponding time intervals are also assessed for each of the 24 seismic regions. Each of the obtained parameters is distributed into its respective seismic region, allowing for an analysis of the localized seismicity parameters and a representation of their regional variation on a map. The earthquake hazard level is also calculated as a function of the form Θ = (Mˆ_max,RP_6.0), and a relative hazard scale (defined as the index K) is defined for each seismic region. The investigated regions are then classified into five groups using these parameters. This classification is useful for theoretical and practical reasons and provides a picture of quantitative seismicity. An attempt is then made to relate these values to the local tectonics.  相似文献   

东海地区高压-超高压变质带中变质橄榄岩及其原岩和成因类型的判别——以PP1孔和PP3孔为例     

王希斌  杨经绥  李天福  陈松永  任玉峰 《地质学报》2009,83(7):946-963

本文在总结全球地幔橄榄岩岩石学和地球化学特征的基础上,首次提出了一个用于判别HPUHP变质带中变质橄榄岩原岩及其成因类型的判别图解。该图主要由镁铁总量MgO+（%）和一个参数m+f/si比值构成。另用Al2O3和CaO分别与MgO+（%）制成两个辅助图解,以示方辉橄榄岩和二辉橄榄岩之间在Al2O3和CaO含量上的分界。通过原岩判别结果和研究表明,PP3孔和PP1孔两者在变质组合、原岩成因类型、地球化学和变质条件方面存在一系列的重大差异。分别代表来自两种极端的地球化学类型和两种不同大地构造环境的UHP变质体。PP3钻孔以Ol+Gt+Cpx+Opx+Sp为变质矿物共生组合的含石榴石纯橄岩,其原岩系来自地幔残余成因的方辉橄榄岩遭受UHP变质作用的产物,它以成分高度均一,富Mg（Mg’=92）,极端亏损不相容元素REE（∑REE<1×10-6可称为超亏损型）为特征。在变质相中仍保留原岩的残余矿物铬尖晶石（Sp）,其成分显示蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩的成分趋势。并出现以Gt和Sp共存相为特征的变质相。据实验结果（klemme,2004）表明该共存相的稳定域的PT条件CrSp可达7Gpa,T1400℃,即形成于200km的地幔深度。综合研究显示该孔变质橄榄岩原岩（方辉橄榄岩）具有大洋岩石圈地幔残余成因的某些印记,而不是同深度原生地幔岩相转变的产物。PP1孔变质橄榄岩是由无水矿物相（Ol+Opx+Cpx+Gt）+含水矿物相（Phl±Chu）组成的石榴石橄榄岩杂岩,其原岩来自两种不同成因的超镁铁岩系列：一为具地幔成因的方辉橄榄岩二辉橄榄岩系列（可能相当于地幔楔中的Al型橄榄岩）,另一部分（少数）来自具岩浆成因的超镁铁岩系列（纯橄岩—异剥橄榄岩—辉石岩组合,可能相当于A2型橄榄岩）。该套变质橄榄岩,以成分高度不均一,极端富集REE（∑REE平均>20×10-6可称为超富集型）和大离子亲石元素（K、Ba、Rb）为特征。这种异常现象并不反映其原岩原有的地球化学特征,它可能是由于在俯冲过程中受到陆壳物质的污染,或壳幔相互作用所致。据该孔变质相中缺乏Sp相,而以Gt为标志的变质相的事实,推断其形成的压力条件应>7Gpa, 即形成的深度应大于200km。上述研究表明在苏鲁UHP变质带中,不仅有来自大陆地幔楔中的地幔残余的UHP变质体,而且首次提出有可能来自大陆俯冲前锋具大洋岩石圈地幔性质的（蛇绿岩型地幔残片）变质体存在,这对揭示该区UHP变质带的形成和演化过程提供了新的信息。  相似文献   

东海地区高压-超高压变质带中变质橄榄岩及其原岩和成因类型的判别——以PP1孔和PP3孔为例   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

王希斌  杨经绥  李天福  陈松永  任玉峰 《地质学报》2009,83(7)

本文在总结全球地幔橄榄岩岩石学和地球化学特征的基础上,首次提出了一个用于判别HP-UHP变质带中变质橄榄岩原岩及其成因类型的判别图解.该图主要由镁铁总量MgO+(%)和一个参数m+f/si比值构成.另用Al2O3和CaO分别与MgO+(%)制成两个辅助图解,以示方辉橄榄岩和二辉橄榄岩之间在Al2O3和CaO含量上的分界.通过原岩判别结果和研究表明,PP3孔和PP1孔两者在变质组合、原岩成因类型、地球化学和变质条件方面存在一系列的重大差异.分别代表来自两种极端的地球化学类型和两种不同大地构造环境的UHP变质体.PP3钻孔以Ol+Gt+Cpx+Opx+Sp为变质矿物共生组合的含石榴石纯橄岩,其原岩系来自地幔残余成因的方辉橄榄岩遭受UHP变质作用的产物,它以成分高度均一,富Mg(Mg'=92),极端亏损不相容元素REE(∑REE<1×10-6可称为超亏损型)为特征.在变质相中仍保留原岩的残余矿物铬尖晶石(Sp),其成分显示蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩的成分趋势.并出现以Gt和Sp共存相为特征的变质相.据实验结果(klemme,2004)表明该共存相的稳定域的P-T条件Cr-Sp可达7Gpa,T1400℃,即形成于200km的地幔深度.综合研究显示该孔变质橄榄岩原岩(方辉橄榄岩)具有大洋岩石圈地幔残余成因的某些印记,而不是同深度原生地幔岩相转变的产物.PP1孔变质橄榄岩是由无水矿物相(Ol+Opx+Cpx+Gt)+含水矿物相(Phl±Chu)组成的石榴石橄榄岩杂岩,其原岩来自两种不同成因的超镁铁岩系列:一为具地幔成因的方辉橄榄岩-二辉橄榄岩系列(可能相当于地幔楔中的Al型橄榄岩),另一部分(少数)来自具岩浆成因的超镁铁岩系列(纯橄岩-异剥橄榄岩-辉石岩组合,可能相当于A2型橄榄岩).该套变质橄榄岩,以成分高度不均一,极端富集REE(∑REE平均>20×10-6可称为超富集型)和大离子亲石元素(K、Ba、Rb)为特征.这种异常现象并不反映其原岩原有的地球化学特征,它可能是由于在俯冲过程中受到陆壳物质的污染,或壳-幔相互作用所致.据该孔变质相中缺乏Sp相,而以Gt为标志的变质相的事实,推断其形成的压力条件应>7Gpa, 即形成的深度应大于200km.上述研究表明在苏鲁UHP变质带中,不仅有来自大陆地幔楔中的地幔残余的UHP变质体,而且首次提出有可能来自大陆俯冲前锋具大洋岩石圈地幔性质的(蛇绿岩型地幔残片)变质体存在,这对揭示该区UHP变质带的形成和演化过程提供了新的信息.  相似文献   

甘肃北山地区古亚洲南缘古生代岛弧带位置的讨论   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

谢春林  杨建国  王立社  王育习  王静平 《地质学报》2009,83(11):1584-1600

综合研究得出结论:"甘肃北山红石山断裂带以北的雀儿山-英安山地区为一种与俯冲洋壳板块相关的岛弧带,它记录了古亚洲大洋向南缘东天山古陆系统下俯冲消减的整个地史过程".主要依据:①该地区缺少古老基底陆壳;②发育于区内的中奥陶世-泥盆纪不同时代地层中的火山岩和石炭-三叠纪的中酸性侵入岩,主要以钙碱性或TTG或埃达克成分系列为主要标志,揭示深部有消减洋壳板片或岩源的存在;③从中奥陶世和志留纪火山岩的玄武岩、安山岩和英安岩组合,到泥盆纪以安山岩、英安岩为主的流纹岩、玄武岩组合,至三叠纪马鞍山、小草湖中酸性侵入岩序列的部分高钾钙碱性岩石类型组合,反映古亚洲大洋在南侧消减带之上从一种不成熟岛弧到成熟岛弧和大陆边缘弧发育演化的过程;文章提出代表古亚洲大洋南缘消减带的实际位置应在雀儿山-英安山一线以北的蒙古境内,而北山岛弧带实属南侧东天山古陆陆缘增生地体的一部分.  相似文献   

The contribution of agricultural and urban activities to inorganic carbon fluxes within temperate watersheds   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

Rebecca T. Barnes  Peter A. Raymond 《Chemical Geology》2009,266(3-4):327-336

The lateral transport of bicarbonate as dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) to the oceans is an integral component of the global carbon budget and can represent the sequestration of CO₂ from the atmosphere. Recently studies have implicated land use change, in particular agricultural development, as an accelerator of bicarbonate export. However, due to the co-variation of land use, bedrock and surficial geologies, and the relationship between bicarbonate export and climate, the impact of anthropogenic activities on DIC export remains an important research question. In order to examine the land use controls on DIC export from small temperate watersheds we sampled 19 streams draining catchments of varying land uses with similar bedrock and surficial geologies. In addition to an agricultural effect, there was a strong correlation between the percent of watershed in urban development and DIC concentrations and DIC yields. Urban watersheds exported 7.8 times more DIC than their nearby forested counterparts and 2.0 times more DIC than nearby agricultural catchments. Isotopic data suggest that excess DIC export from altered systems results from increased chemical weathering, enhanced CO₂ production within urban green spaces, and as a result of organic matter loading from septic systems and leaky sewer lines. Furthermore, we found that nitrogen additions (e.g. fertilizers and manure) are aiding in the dissolution of lime, increasing the total export of DIC from agricultural watersheds. Calculated anthropogenic loading rates ranged from 0.43 to 0.86 mol C m^− 2 yr^− 1. These loading rates suggest that a significant portion of global DIC export might be attributable to human activities, although the impacts on CO₂ sequestration are difficult to determine.  相似文献   

Effect of alpha-damage annealing on apatite (U–Th)/He thermochronology     

Ccile Gautheron  Laurent Tassan-Got  Jocelyn Barbarand  Maurice Pagel 《Chemical Geology》2009,266(3-4):157-170

Recent data on He diffusion challenge the temperature sensitivity of apatite (U–Th)/He thermochronology: the damage induced by recoil of U and Th decay series during emission of α particles (α-recoil damage) has been proposed to modify He-diffusion properties through time. However, we propose that annealing of these irradiation defects may be an important phenomenon and may be significant in case of slowly-cooled or reheated basement rocks. To test this hypothesis, we developed a quantitative model including an explicit treatment of α-recoil damage, annealing, and their effect on He-diffusion kinetics, and calibrate it against literature data. Our model is based on two hypotheses: (1) helium is in equilibrium between an apatite crystal and its defects and (2) alpha-recoil damage annealing can be described analogously to fission-track annealing. This model has been embedded into a Monte Carlo simulation of helium production/ejection/diffusion and applied to data from the French Massif Central; a complex slowly-cooled terrain with burial reheating, where the thermal history has been constrained by previous fission-track (FT) data including FT length distributions. (U–Th)/He ages are close to the FT ages from the same samples and are generally reproducible among replicates, but some samples present He-age dispersion that is not correlated with crystal size. Our model reproduces the Massif Central data very well except for three samples where He ages are older than corresponding FT ages. We show that annealing of irradiation damage has an important impact on retentivity of helium and that the He content, [He] is only a rough approximation of the damage level. In particular our results show that independence of He ages on crystal sizes, in case of reheated samples, is a clear indication of the higher He retentivity induced by α-recoil defects and that an explicit treatment of defect annealing is required for a correct interpretation of (U–Th)/He ages in such a case. More generally a correlation with the crystal size can bring information on the thermal path only if the age of defects, well represented by the fission-track age, is available, due to the dependence of the partial retention zone on damages. Conversely, in case of rapid cooling or for samples having low U and Th contents, damage effects can be ignored without significant effects on He ages.  相似文献   

Precambrian mafic magmatism in south Indian granulite terrain     

T. Radhakrishna 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2009,73(1):131-142

South Indian granulite terrain had witnessed significant part of Precambrian mafic igneous activity in the form of episodic mafic dyke intrusions of the Palaeoproterozoic period. Strike trends of these dykes are not uniform over the region and the dykes are generally fresh, massive, black dolerites except in the Bhavani shear zone bordering the southern fringes of Nilgiri massif. In Agali-Coimbatore area of our study in the western Bhavani shear zone, the dykes appear to be penecontemporaneous with shearing. Isotopic data place age of Agali-Coimbatore dyke intrusions at about 2.1 Ga. The age of these dykes is significant to constrain an early Palaeoproterozoic age for major shearing event in the Bhavani shear zone. Other dyke emplacement ages are placed at about 1.8 Ga and 1.65 Ga based on the Ar/Ar and K-Ar isotopic results of dykes in Dharmapuri and Tiruvannamalai areas. Older ages comparable to those of the Dharwar craton are not known and in this respect future isotopic dating is vital. Geochemically, these dykes are quartz/hypersthene normative subalkalic tholeiites. An attempt is made here to provide insights into the general petrogenetic history of the Precambrian dykes. Compositional trends are explained by the fractional crystallization of ferromagnesian phases and plagioclase control is conspicuous at the advanced stages of fractionation. Geochemical characteristics suggest that the dykes have tapped Fe-rich non-pyrolite mantle sources with LIL and LREE enrichment as in many continental basalts. The data suggest that role of crustal contamination is limited in petrogenesis; crustal signatures are noticed in the more mafic end members formed in early stage of evolution suggesting that contamination was temperature controlled with most primitive high temperature magmas being most vulnerable to the process. Nd-Sr isotopic data, at present restricted to Agali-Coimbatore dykes, suggest that Palaeoproterozoic magmas tapped subcontinental lithosphere that may have stabilized in the Archaean times at about 3 Ga during the major crustal building activity in the shield region. Further work coupled with isotopic and mineral chemistry will improve our knowledge on the petrological evolution of the dyke magmas and mafic magmatism in general.  相似文献   

Pile foundation analysis and design using experimental data and 3-D numerical analysis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Emilios M. Comodromos  Mello C. Papadopoulou  Ioannis K. Rentzeperis 《Computers and Geotechnics》2009

Capacity based design of pile foundations limits the soil-structure interaction mechanism to group bearing capacity estimation, neglecting, in most cases, the contribution of the raft. On the other hand, a straightforward, nonlinear, 3-D analysis, accounting for soil and structural nonlinearities and the effects arising from pile–soil–pile interaction, would be extremely high CPU-time demanding and will necessitate the use of exceptionally powerful numerical tools. With the aim of investigating the most efficient, precise, and economical design for a bridge foundation, a hybrid method, compatible with the notion of sub-structuring is proposed. It is based on both experimental data and nonlinear 3-D analysis. The first step to achieve these targets is a back-analysis of a static pile load test, fitting values for soil shear strength, deformation modulus, and shear strength mobilization at the soil–pile interface. Subsequently, the response of 2 × 2 and 3 × 3 pile group configurations is numerically established and the distribution of the applied load to the raft and the characteristic piles is discussed. Finally, a design strategy for an optimized design of pile raft foundations subjected to non-uniform vertical loading is proposed.  相似文献   

Peierls dislocation modelling in perovskite (CaTiO<Subscript>3</Subscript>): comparison with tausonite (SrTiO<Subscript>3</Subscript>) and MgSiO<Subscript>3</Subscript> perovskite     

Denise Ferré  Philippe Carrez  Patrick Cordier 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2009,36(4):233-239

We present here a numerical modelling study of dislocations in perovskite CaTiO₃. The dislocation core structures and properties are calculated through the Peierls–Nabarro model using the generalized stacking fault (GSF) results as a starting model. The GSF are determined from first-principles calculations using the VASP code. The dislocation properties such as collinear, planar core spreading and Peierls stresses are determined for the following slip systems: [100](010), [100](001), [010](100), [010](001), [001](100), [001](010), and All dislocations exhibit lattice friction, but glide appears to be easier for [100](010) and [010](100). [001](010) and [001](100) exhibit collinear dissociation. Comparing Peierls stresses among tausonite (SrTiO₃), perovskite (CaTiO₃) and MgSiO₃ perovskite demonstrates the strong influence of orthorhombic distortions on lattice friction. However, and despite some quantitative differences, CaTiO₃ appears to be a satisfactory analogue material for MgSiO₃ perovskite as far as dislocation glide is concerned.  相似文献   

无/缺水下地形数据的高原堰塞湖水量遥感估算     

朱长明  张新  方晖  王伟胜 《遥感学报》2022,26(1):148-154

水量遥感动态监测对于高原堰塞湖风险评估、预报预警和处置决策等具有重要意义。针对高原无资料或缺资料区,充分利用空天遥感技术,文章提出了一种无/缺水下地形数据的高原堰塞湖水量遥感定量估算方法。该方法首先通过遥感水域面积提取,获取堰塞湖淹没空间范围;进而采用不规则复杂多边形中线定位算法,确定堰塞湖中心线位置;然后基于河道中心特定点高程信息,结合局部河道比降估算,生成堰塞湖水下地形河道中线约束因子;再根据河道边坡高程信息和水下地形约束因子自适应拟合出局部堰塞河道的水下未知地形;最后通过三维曲面离散积分实现堰塞湖水量遥感动态定量估算。实验以东帕米尔高原的萨雷兹堰塞湖为研究区,展开遥感水量调查与局部验证研究,结果表明:萨雷兹堰塞湖当前水域面积约为89.09 km²,水量约为162.49亿m³;这一结果与专家预估的水资源量155—165亿m³基本吻合。经局部模拟实验精度对比验证,模拟结果与实际数据动态误差总体控制在10%以内,相关系数达到0.95(P<0.01,双尾),进一步证明了算法的鲁棒性和估算结果的可信度。为无/缺水下地形数据的高原堰塞湖水量遥感估算提供了一种有效的方法,实现了水下地形未知的高原堰塞湖水量遥感快速反演与定量测算。  相似文献