In situ methods for studying adsorbed phases at the solid/liquid interface: microcalorimetry and ellipsometryLes méthodes d'étude in situ des phases adsorbées : microcalorimétrie et ellipsométrie     

Renaud Denoyel 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2002,334(9):689-702

The applications of calorimetric and ellipsometric methods to the understanding of adsorption phenomena occurring at the solid–liquid interface are presented with examples in the field of surfactant adsorption. The various experimental approaches are presented and compared, i.e., immersion calorimetry, titration calorimetry and liquid flow calorimetry. It is shown how they can be used to follow, in situ, the building steps of the surfactant adsorbed layer. On the other hand, ellipsometry allows the adsorption isotherm, the adsorption kinetics as well as the thickness of the adsorbed layer to be determined on well-defined flat surfaces. To cite this article: R. Denoyel, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 689–702.  相似文献   

湍流混合动力学机理研究   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7       下载免费PDF全文

武道吉  张永吉  李圭白  谭风训 《水科学进展》2003,14(6):706-709

在分析传统混合动力学机理基础上,通过宏观混合与微观混合时间量级的对比,提出了湍流条件下,涡流扩散主导宏观混合,分子扩散主导微观混合,而混合过程由宏观混合主导,欧拉数Eu可作为混合效果的控制指标,并通过3种不同容积反应器的混合搅拌试验,进一步证实了该指标的实用性。  相似文献   

Kinetic study of the dehydroxylation of chrysotile asbestos with temperature by in situ XRPD   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

A. Cattaneo  A. F. Gualtieri  G. Artioli 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2003,30(3):177-183

 The kinetics of the dehydroxylation of chrysotile was followed in situ at high temperature using real-time conventional and synchrotron powder diffraction (XRPD). This is the first time kinetics parameters have been calculated for the dehydroxylation of chrysotile. The value of the order of the reaction mechanism calculated using the Avrami model indicates that the rate-limiting step of the reaction is a one-dimensional diffusion with an instantaneous nucleation or a deceleratory rate of nucleation of the reaction product. Hence, the rate-limiting step is the one-dimensional diffusion of the water molecules formed in the interlayer region by direct condensation of two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom. The calculated apparent activation energy of the reaction in the temperature range 620–750 °C is 184 kJ mol⁻¹. The diffusion path is along the axis of the fibrils forming the fibers. The amorphous or short-range ordered dehydroxylate of chrysotile is extremely unstable because forsterite readily nucleates in the Mg-rich regions. Moreover, it is less stable than the dehydroxylate of kaolinite, the so-called metakaolinite, which forms mullite at about 950 °C. This difference is interpreted in terms of the different nature of the two ions Mg²⁺ and Al³⁺ and their function as glass modifier and glass-forming ion, respectively. Received: 10 April 2002 / Accepted: 7 January 2003 Acknowledgements This work is part of a COFIN project (04 Scienze della Terra, NR 17, 2000) supported by MURST. Dr Dapiaggi is kindly acknowledged for help during the data collection at the Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, University of Milan.  相似文献   

Kinetics of Disproportionation of Inorganic Polysulfides in Undersaturated Aqueous Solutions at Environmentally Relevant Conditions     

A. Kamyshny  A. Goifman  D. Rizkov  O. Lev 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2003,9(4):291-304

The rate of the reversible homogeneous disproportionation of polysulfides was studied by following the optical absorbance of polysulfide solutions in a continuous plug flow reactor equipped with an on-line photometric detector. In order to avoid heterogeneous slow reactions involving sulfur colloids or precipitate, the reaction was initiated by an abrupt pH change from an undersaturated solution containing predominantly tetrasulfide species to a pH where pentasulfide is the dominant species. The disproportionation was found to follow first order reversible reaction dynamics. At environmentally relevant conditions the characteristic time of the disproportionation reaction is of the order of 10 s. This characteristic time implies that necessary conditions for speciation of the different polysulfide species by chromatography or another separation and subsequent quantification scheme should be of the order of 1 s.  相似文献   

南黄海盆地南二凹古近系泥岩生烃动力学特征     

苏鹏  徐建永  汪航  朱祥峰  沈传波  宋宇  胡守志 《高校地质学报》1997,25(6):871

南黄海盆地油气资源潜力一直是中国海上油气勘探关心的问题，但仍未取得突破性进展。生烃动力学研究对烃源岩生烃潜力评价至关重要，而该区古近系烃源岩的生烃动力学的研究十分薄弱。为此，在对南黄海盆地南部凹陷烃源岩常规地球化学分析统计基础上，着重选择南二凹低成熟样品开展PY-GC，SRA 和MSSV 等实验分析及动力学模拟。结果表明：南二凹阜四段烃源岩已进入生烃阶段，其产出的石油类型为石蜡-环烷-芳香基低蜡型，活化能分布范围为43~60 kcal/mol，其活化能主峰为51 kcal/mol，占72%，指前因子A=9.66×1012，生烃窗温度为128~158℃。该套烃源岩生烃历程中所生成的烃类在渐新世末期（23~30 Ma）以气液两相共存的形式存在，其余时期均以单一液相存在于该地层，至今转化率仍处于50%~60%。研究获得的南黄海盆地南二凹古近系泥岩的生烃动力学特征对于估算该盆地油气资源潜力极为重要，可为该区下一步油气勘探开发决策提供参考依据。  相似文献   

Oxygen Isotope Exchange Kinetics Between Coexisting Minerals and Water in the Aral Granite Pluton of the Altay Mountains, Northern Xinjiang   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Liu Wei  Research Center of Mineral Resources Exploration  Chinese Academy of Sciences  Chinese Academy of Sciences  BeijingHe Baichu  Changsha Institute of Geotectonics  Chinese Academy of Sciences  Changsh  Hunanand Chen ZhenshengYichang Institute of Geology  Mineral Resources  Chinese Academy of GeologicalSciences  Yichang  Hubei 《《地质学报》英文版》1996,70(4)

Coexisting quartz, feldspar and biotite vary widely in their δ18O values and display a remarkable 18O/16O disequilibrium relation; especially, a quartz-feldspar reversal (△ 18OQUartz_feldspar< 0) exsists in the Aral granite pluton of the Altay Mountains, northern Xinjiang. The 18O / 16O exchange reaction definitely occurred between granite and water. Initial δ18O values of the granite and exotic fluid are evaluated by the mass balance consideration. The conventional method of discrimination between various magma derivations simply with δ18O values of either whole rock or separate minerals is misleading and unreliable. Experiments carried out by the authors show that the 18O / 16O exchange reaction is not accompanied by what geologists describe as petrological and mineralogical alteration effect. This decoupling relation implies that exchange reaction occurs at a relatively high temperature during subsolidus-postmagmatic cooling of magmas. The exchange mechanism is mainly diffusion-controlled. It is  相似文献   

地洼盆地砂岩铜矿床成矿作用的化学动力学和热力学研究     

谭凯旋 Kaixu.  T 《大地构造与成矿学》1996,20(3):229-237

对我国南方中新生代地洼盆地中的砂岩铜矿床进行了化学动力学与热力学的理论与实验研究。矿源岩中以辉铜矿和黄铜矿最有利于溶解和迁移，ＮａＣｌ对Ｃｕ的溶解和含矿流体的形成起了催化作用。溶液中Ｃｕ以络合物的形式迁移，其中以一价铜氯络合物为主；温度的降低和溶液中性化导致了络合物的失稳、分解和铜矿物的沉淀。铜矿物的化学动力学和热力学制约了砂岩铜矿中以辉铜矿为主及矿床分带的形成。  相似文献   

原油族组分成气的化学动力学模型及其标定   总被引：27，自引：2，他引：27       下载免费PDF全文

卢双舫  付晓泰 《地质学报》1997,71(4):367-373

利用等温密封热解实验技术及恒速升温热解实验与PY—GC分析技术的结合,本文分别建立并标定了原油中各族组分,即饱和烃、芳烃、非烃和沥青质成气的化学动力学模型。结果表明,原油中不同族组分成气的过程均可用平行一级反应描述,但不同组分在平均活化能及活化能分布上有明显的差异。各族组分在地史过程中成气的过程可由各自的化学动力学模型来描述。这将使原油成气过程的定量、动态描述成为可能。  相似文献   

Kinetics of the Gas-Phase Reactions of OH Radicals, NO3 Radicals and O3 with Three C7-Carbonyls Formed From The Atmospheric Reactions of Myrcene, Ocimene and Terpinolene     

Jillian Baker  Janet Arey  Roger Atkinson 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2004,48(3):241-260

Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of OH radicals, NO₃ radicals and O₃ with the C₇-carbonyl compounds 4-methylenehex-5-enal [CH₂=CHC(=CH₂)CH₂CH₂CHO], (3Z)- and (3E)-4-methylhexa-3,5-dienal [CH₂=CHC(CH₃)=CHCH₂CHO] and 4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-one, which are products of the atmospheric degradations of myrcene, Z- and E-ocimene and terpinolene, respectively, have been measured at 296 ± 2 K and atmospheric pressure of air using relative rate methods. The rate constants obtained (in cm³ molecule^–1 s^–1 units) were: for 4-methylenehex-5-enal, (1.55 ± 0.15) × 10^–10, (4.75 ± 0.35) × 10^–13 and (1.46 ± 0.12) × 10^–17 for the OH radical, NO₃ radical and O₃ reactions, respectively; for (3Z)-4-methylhexa-3,5-dienal: (1.61 ± 0.35) × 10^–10, (2.17 ± 0.30) × 10^–12, and (4.13 ± 0.81) × 10^–17 for the OH radical, NO₃ radical and O₃ reactions, respectively; for (3E)-4-methylhexa-3,5-dienal: (2.52 ± 0.65) × 10^–10, (1.75 ± 0.27) × 10^–12, and (5.36 ± 0.28) × 10^–17 for the OH radical, NO₃ radical and O₃ reactions, respectively; and for 4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-one: (1.10 ± 0.19) × 10^–10, (1.81 ± 0.35) × 10^–12, and (6.98 ± 0.40) × 10^–17 for the OH radical, NO₃ radical and O₃ reactions, respectively. These carbonyl compounds are all reactive in the troposphere, with daytime reaction with the OH radical and nighttime reaction with the NO₃ radical being predicted to dominate as loss processes and with estimated lifetimes of about an hour or less.  相似文献   

MTBE in Drinking Water Production – Occurrence and Efficiency of Treatment Technologies     

Christine Baus  HsuWen Hung  Frank Sacher  Michael Fleig  Heinz‐Jürgen Brauch 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2005,33(2):118-132

In Germany, the gasoline additive methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) is almost constantly detected in measurable concentrations in surface waters and is not significantly removed during riverbank filtration. The removal of MTBE from water has been the focus of many studies that mostly were performed at high concentration levels and centred in understanding the mechanisms of elimination. In order to assess the performance of conventional and advanced water treatment technologies for MTBE removal in the low concentration range further studies were undertaken. Laboratory experiments included aeration, granulated activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, ozonation and advanced oxidation processes (AOP). The results show that the removal of MTBE by conventional technologies is not easily achieved. MTBE is only removed by aeration at high expense. Ozonation at neutral pH values did not prove to be effective in eliminating MTBE at all. The use of ozone/H₂O₂ (AOP) may lead to a partly elimination of MTBE. However, the ozone/H₂O₂ concentrations required for a complete removal of MTBE from natural waters is much higher than the ozone levels applied nowadays in waterworks. MTBE is only poorly adsorbed on activated carbon, thus GAC filtration is not efficient in eliminating MTBE. A comparison with real‐life data from German waterworks reveals that if MTBE is detected in the raw water it is most often found in the corresponding drinking water as well due to the poor removal efficiency of conventional treatment steps.  相似文献