The limits to good governance and the state of exception: A case study of North Sea fisheries     

Liza Griffin 《Geoforum》2010,41(2):282-292

This paper explores a series of maxims, widely known in policy and academic circles as the ‘principles of good governance’, which state that policymaking in the European Union (EU) should be participatory, conducted as close to citizens as practicable, transparent, accountable, effective and coherent. These maxims were introduced into EU fisheries management as part of a radical reform of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) in 2002. This reform was instituted in response to criticisms of a prevailing management regime alleged to be inefficient, undemocratic, and potentially responsible for an environmental crisis: the exhaustion of key fish stocks. The research for this work has found that there are limits to the actual achievement of good governance in EU fisheries. In practice governance innovations are very often contradictory and rife with tensions. I reason that such problems result not merely from policy implementation failures; they constitute a more endemic feature of the CFP reforms. We can begin to understand these limits to good governance principles by looking to Agamben’s permanent state of exception thesis. Agamben’s theory helps to show how these contradictions and tensions occur under new governance regimes, because the relationship between democratic norms (like good governance) and political power is no longer clear. I argue that this blurring has been exploited by groups seeking influence in these new regimes. They do this through citing a supposed need for emergency measures to mitigate crisis. Although this research broadly supports the state of exception thesis, my analysis leads me to question some aspects of its application in contemporary governance spaces.  相似文献   

南苏丹独立进程和平顺利实现的原因分析     

杨勉  翟亚菲 《世界地理研究》2011,(3):1-10

2011年7月9日南苏丹举行了开国庆典,世界上最年轻的国家诞生了,而苏丹履行了诺言,成为第一个承认南苏丹独立的国家。压倒多数赞成独立的民意,国际社会的普遍欢迎态度,苏丹摆脱自身困境的考量,中国建设性的调解作用等,都是导致南苏丹独立进程能够和平顺利完成的原因与条件。南苏丹共和国的诞生是苏丹南方人民的共同意愿和自主选择。苏丹北南双方坚持和平选择,铸剑为犁,结束非洲历史上时间最长的内战,和平进程开花结果的实践,为冲突不断的非洲大陆和平解决类似矛盾与争端,争取建立好邻居、好伙伴、好兄弟的和睦关系提供了范式。  相似文献   

用边长变化结果计算地应变及块体划分   总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0  

伍吉仓  邓康伟  陈永奇 《大地测量与地球动力学》2002,22(4):35-38

在均匀应变的假设下，给出了由边长变化求解地应变的新方法，通过统计检验相邻三角形的最大主应变，可判别相邻测点是否位于同一个均匀应变体上，采用弹性位错理论设计的模拟算例表明，该方法能成功地将位于断层两侧的测量点分辨开。  相似文献   

内蒙古桃-阿海子的生境演替与水鸟群落的兴衰   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  

何芬奇  任永奇  郭玉民 《湿地科学与管理》2015,11(2):54-58

桃力庙-阿拉善湾海子是内蒙古西部鄂尔多斯高原上一个水面曾为10 km2的荒漠咸水湖泊,因其在20世纪90年代承载了遗鸥最大繁殖群,于2002年被认定为全球第1148号国际重要湿地。随后,干旱少雨加之严重的人为干扰使桃-阿海子趋于干涸,遗鸥繁殖群于2004年放弃该地点而迁居他地,2005年当地水鸟群落彻底消失。数年后,桃-阿海子干涸湖底发育起碱蓬群落。自2011年蓑羽鹤在其间营巢繁殖,且数量逐年增多,并出现蓑羽鹤非繁殖群在此停歇与栖居。在鄂尔多斯高原东部已干涸的湖泊中,桃-阿海子是唯一一处在其湖底碱蓬群落发育后进而成为大型鸟类繁殖与栖息生境的地点,它将以何种方式演替值得关注。  相似文献   

A small‐strain overlay model     

T. Benz  P. A. Vermeer  R. Schwab 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2009,33(1):25-44

The paper begins with a discussion of the phenomenon of small‐strain stiffness and presents the small‐strain overlay model, a simple model that takes into account the non‐linear stiffness of soils at small strains. The new model can enhance already established elastoplastic formulations for non‐linear stiffness variation at small strains in a similar way that intergranular strain enhances the hypoplastic model. The overlay model is driven by the material's strain history and only two additional material constants, both with clear physical meaning. Therefore, the proposed model is a step towards the incorporation of small‐strain stiffness into routine design. In this paper, the new small‐strain overlay model is formulated. Its ability to take into account the influence of various strain histories on soil stiffness is illustrated in several examples. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Rotational kinematic hardening model for three‐dimensional stress reversals in sand     

Poul V. Lade  Jerry A. Yamamuro  Suresh K. Gutta 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2009,33(7):967-991

A kinematic hardening mechanism has previously been proposed to capture the behavior of soil during large stress reversals in the triaxial plane. This mechanism is now extended to the principal stress space. It incorporates rotation and intersection of yield surfaces to achieve a consistent and physically rational fit with experimentally observed soil behavior during large three‐dimensional stress reversals. An existing elasto‐plastic model with isotropic hardening is used as the basic framework to which the rotational kinematic hardening mechanism has been added. The new combined model preserves the behavior of the isotropic hardening model under monotonic loading conditions, and the extension from isotropic to rotational kinematic hardening under three‐dimensional conditions is accomplished without introducing new material parameters. The framework of the model is presented here with some comparisons between theoretical and experimental directions of strain increment vectors to indicate the potential of the model. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Comparison of vibrocompaction methods by numerical simulations     

M. Arnold  I. Herle 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2009,33(16):1823-1838

Soils can be best compacted by repeated shearing. The strain amplitude plays an important role for the maximum compaction that can be reached. Experimental evidence emphasizes a vital impact of simultaneous multidirectional shear loading on the rate and magnitude of soil compaction. Two different vibrocompaction methods were analysed by the numerical simulations in the light of these findings. In an elastic finite element (FE) analysis, strain paths were determined. A strain amplitude‐dependent stiffness at small strains was introduced by multiple runs of the FE calculation to reach an appropriate stiffness for particular distances from the vibrator. Subsequently, the obtained strain paths were used to control single element simulations using hypoplasticity with intergranular strains. The calculated compaction profiles show three zones known from practical evidence: a limited compaction close to the vibrator, a zone of maximum compaction and a non‐densified zone remote from the vibrator. The deep vibrator produces a faster compaction than the top vibrator, especially in the more distant zone. The more efficient work of the deep vibrator can be attributed to a more general multidirectional shearing. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Transit station or destination? Attendance patterns,movements and abundance estimate of humpback whales off west South Africa from photographic and genotypic matching     

《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(3):353-373

Humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae found off west South Africa (WSA) are known to display an atypical migration that may include temporary residency and feeding during spring and summer. At a regional scale there is uncertainty about how these whales relate to the greater West African Breeding Stock B as a whole, with evidence both for and against its division into two substocks. A database containing sighting information of humpback whales intercepted by boat in the WSA region from 1983 to 2008 was compiled. It included a total of 1 820 identification images of ventral tail flukes and lateral views of dorsal fins. After systematic within- and between-year matching of images of usable quality, it yielded 154 different individuals identified by tail flukes (TF), 230 by left dorsal fins (LDF), and 237 by right dorsal fins (RDF). Microsatellite (MS) matching of 216 skin biopsies yielded 156 individuals. By linking all possible sightings of the same individuals using all available identification features, the periodicity and seasonality of 281 individual whales were examined. In all, 60 whales were resighted on different days of which 44 were between different calendar years. The most resightings for one individual was 11 times, seen in six different years, and the longest interval between first and last sightings was about 18 years. A resighting rate of 15.6% of whales at intervals of a year or more indicates long-term fidelity to the region. Shorter intervals of 1–6 months between sequential sightings in the same year may suggest temporary residency. The TF image collection from WSA was compared to TF collections from four other regions, namely Gabon, Cabinda (Angola), Namibia and the Antarctic Humpback Whale Catalogue (AHWC). Three matches were detected between WSA (in late spring or summer) and Gabon (in winter), confirming direct movement between these regions. The capture–recapture data of four different identification features (TF, RDF, LDF and MS) from six successive subsets of data from periods with the highest collection effort (2001–2007) were used to calculate the number of whales that utilise the region, using both closed- and open-population models. Dorsal fins have never been used to estimate abundance for humpback whales, so the different identification features were evaluated for potential biases. This revealed 9–14% incidence of missed matches (false negatives) when using dorsal fins that would result in an overestimate, whereas variation in individual fluke-up behaviour may lower estimates by as much as 57–66% due to heterogeneity of individual capture probability. Taking into consideration the small dataset and low number of recaptures, the most consistent and precise results were obtained from a fully time-dependent version of the Jolly-Seber open-population model, with annual survival fixed at 0.96, using the MS dataset. This suggests that the WSA feeding assemblage during the months of spring and summer (September–March) of the study period numbered about 500 animals. The relationship of these whales to those (perhaps strictly migratory) that may occur in other seasons of the year, and their links to possible migratory routes and other feeding or breeding areas, remain uncertain.  相似文献   

Neotectonic state of stress in the Jura Mountains     

Dietrich Werner 《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(2):99-111

Abstract

For the determination of the tectonic stress field in the region of the Jura Mountains, three different relief techniques have been used in 18 test sites. In six test sites measurements have been carried out in horizontal boreholes using the doorstopper method. In the remaining test sites measurements were made in vertical boreholes by the doorstopper method (8), triaxial strain cell method (3) and borehole slotter (1). Additionally, analyses of borehole breakouts from six deep wells are presented.

Orientation of maximum horizontal stress clearly deviates from the uniform NW-SE orientated central and western European stress field. Local stress sources, which are probably related to active decollement tectonics in the Jura Mountains, may explain the deviation in stress orientations in comparison to the foreland. Normal stress magnitudes perpendicular to the trend of compressional structures in the Folded Jura are largest in the southeastern Upper Rhine Graben and its southwards prolongation into the Jura Mountains. Low stress magnitudes are characteristic for the eastern termination, intermediate ones for the southern foreland of the Jura Mountains.  相似文献   

成都市1980～2010年能见度的变化趋势分析     

周书华倪长健  刘培川郑一静 《成都信息工程学院学报》2014,(1):91-96

针对近年来大气能见度严重恶化的问题,利用成都市气象局提供的1980～2010年13个站点的观测资料,分别采用累积百分率法、Ridit分析法和“非常好”能见度出现的频率法对该地区具有代表性的5个县（金堂、大邑、新津、彭州和温江）的能见度的变化趋势进行了详细分析.结果表明,三种研究方法的分析结果较为一致.从年代际对比的角度而言,金堂、大邑、新津20世纪80年代和90年代能见度高,21世纪初能见度低,彭州反之;温江20世纪80年代变化不显著,90年代略高于总体平均能见度,21世纪又降低.从年变化趋势的角度而言,除彭州外,金堂、大邑和新津的能见度均呈下降趋势,且季节差异也在逐渐缩小.从季节变化特征的角度而言,5个站点的能见度均表现出夏季最高,春季和秋季次之,冬季最低.夏季“非常好”能见度出现的频率表明,相比彭州而言,其它4个站点的能见度较差,受污染情况较严重.  相似文献