Crustal thickness estimation beneath the southern central Andes at 30°S and 36°S from S wave receiver function analysis     

Benjamin Heit  Xiaohui Yuan  Marcelo Bianchi  Forough Sodoudi  Rainer Kind 《Geophysical Journal International》2008,174(1):249-254

We have used the S wave receiver function (SRF) technique to investigate the crustal thickness beneath two seismic profiles from the CHARGE project in the southern central Andes. A previous study employing the P wave receiver function method has observed the Moho interface beneath much of the profiles. They found, however, that the amplitude of the P to S conversion was diminished in the western part of the profiles and have attributed it to a reduction of the impedance contrast at the Moho due to lower crustal ecologitization. With SRF, we have successfully detected S to P converted waves from the Moho as well as possible conversions from other lithospheric boundaries. The continental South American crust reaches its maximum thickness of ∼70 km (along 30°S between 70°W and 68.5°W) beneath the Principal Cordillera and the Famatina system and becomes thinner towards the Sierras Pampeanas with a thickness of ∼40 km. Negative phases, possibly related to the base of the continental and oceanic lithosphere, can be recognized in the summation traces at different depths. By comparing our results with data obtained from previous investigations, we are able to further constrain the thickness of the crust and lithosphere beneath the central Andes.  相似文献   

Plate generation and two-phase damage theory in a model of mantle convection     

W. Landuyt  D. Bercovici  Y. Ricard 《Geophysical Journal International》2008,174(3):1065-1080

The formation of narrow, rapidly deforming plate boundaries separating strong plate interiors are integral components of the generation of plate tectonics from mantle convection. The development of narrow plate boundaries requires the interaction of a non-linear rheology and convection. One such non-linear rheology is two-phase damage theory which employs a non-equilibrium relation between interfacial surface energy, pressure and viscous deformation, thereby forming a theoretical model for void generation. Two-phase damage theory was recently extended to allow for deformational work to increase the fineness (reduce the grain size) of the matrix phase. We present results testing two-phase damage theory in a 2-D convectively driven system where we allow for (1) pure void-generating damage, (2) pure fineness-generating damage and (3) combined void- and fineness-generating damage. Pure void-generating damage is found to be unsuccessful at producing plate-like features. Fineness-generating damage is successful at inducing plate-like behaviour in certain circumstances, including increasing viscosity sensitivity to fineness and certain regimes of damage input and healing rate. Cases with combined void- and fineness-generating damage produce significantly more localization than the end-members due to the apparent increase of deformational work input into fineness generation. The interaction of microcracks and grain size reduction in two-phase damage theory suggests a rheological model for shear localization necessary for the formation of plate tectonic boundaries.  相似文献   

Seismic radiation from dynamic coalescence, and the reconstruction of dynamic source parameters on a planar fault     

Nobuki Kame  Koji Uchida 《Geophysical Journal International》2008,174(2):696-706

The dynamic coalescence of two mode II cracks on a planar fault is simulated here using the elastodynamic boundary integral equation method. We focus on the complexity of the resultant slip rate and seismic radiation in the crack coalescence model (CCM) and on the reconstruction of a single crack model (SCM) that can reproduce the CCM waveforms from heterogeneous source parameters rather than coalescence. Simulation results reveal that localized higher slip rates are generated by coalescence as a result of stress interaction between the approaching crack tips. The synthesized seismic radiation exhibits a distinct coalescence phase that has striking similarities to stopping phases in the radiation and propagation properties. The corresponding SCM yields a singular increase in the stress drop distribution, which is accompanied by a sudden decrease in it across the point of coalescence in the CCM. This implies that the generation of high-frequency radiation is more efficient from coalescence than from stopping, although both phenomena exhibit the same strong  ω⁻²  -type displacement spectra.  相似文献   

Kinematic bending moments in pile foundations     

F. Dezi  S. Carbonari  G. Leoni 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2010

In this paper the kinematic seismic interaction of single piles embedded in soil deposits is evaluated by focusing the attention on the bending moments induced by the transient motion. The analysis is performed by modeling the pile like an Euler–Bernoulli beam embedded in a layered Winkler-type medium. The excitation motion is obtained by means of a one-D propagation analysis. A comprehensive parametric analysis is carried out by varying the main parameters governing the dynamic response of piles like the soil properties, the bedrock location, the diameter and embedment in the bedrock of piles. On the basis of the parametric analysis, a new design formula for predicting the kinematic bending moments for both the cross-sections at the deposit–bedrock interface and at the pile head is proposed.  相似文献   

Methods for locating the proper position of a planned fishway entrance near a hydropower tailrace     

Dan-Erik Lindberg  Kjell Leonardsson  Anders G. Andersson  T. Staffan Lundström  Hans Lundqvist 《Limnologica》2013,43(5):339-347

The spatial distribution of upstream migrating Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) spawners was studied in 2008 and 2009 in the surroundings of the tailrace from a hydropower station in the River Umeälven. This area is problematic because the fish have difficulties finding their way into the original riverbed, which prompted an investigation on the feasibility of adding a fishway in the area. Echo sounding was used in 2008 to investigate the spatial use of fish in the tailrace channel during the time of salmon migration. Presence of other fish species was so low that all echo sounding detections were assumed to be salmon. In 2009, data on wild radio-tagged salmon (n = 94) was collected in the same tailrace by an array of underwater antennas with a detection radius of approximately 10 m, to validate the results from the echo sounding. Both types of surveys showed aggregations of fish in one part of the tailrace. As a final step, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling was performed to analyze hydrodynamics. This CFD modeling showed a coincidence of fish detections in areas with turbulence intensities between 0.6 and 0.8, which may be an indication that the fish are holding in these areas to reduce energy expenditure during migration. A high proportion of the radio-tagged salmon were observed in the tailrace area (a median of 21 days between their first and last detection), indicating that the salmon are delayed in their upstream migration by the attraction to the tailrace in this area. The overall data on fish behavior in the tailrace led us to suggest a location for a new fishway where the fish aggregation was most pronounced. The number of detections from either technology had similar distributions over the tailrace, suggesting that the results are comparable. Thus, the split beam echo sounder can preferably be used to investigate which location is most appropriate for locations of entrances to new fishways since many more individual fishes are covered by this method compared to telemetry. Furthermore, there is no need to handle the fish in the echo sounding studies as is required in telemetry studies.  相似文献   

On the nonlinear evolution of columnar vortices in a rotating environment     

P.G. Potylitsin  W.R. Peltier 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(5):365-391

We examine the three-dimensional, nonlinear evolution of columnar vortices in a rotating environment. As the initial vorticity distribution, a wavetrain of finite amplitude Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices in shear is employed. Through direct numerical simulation of the Navier-Stokes equations we seek to better understand the process of maturation of the various three-dimensional modes of instability to which such vortical flows are subject, especially those which exist as a consequence of the action of the Coriolis force. In the absence of rotational influence, we thereby demonstrate that the nonlinear evolution of columnar vortices is most strongly controlled by one or the other of two mechanisms. One mechanism of instability is identifiable as a so-called elliptical instability, which promotes the initial bending of vortex tubes in a sinusoidal fashion, while the other is a hyperbolic mode, which is responsible for the development of streamwise vortex streaks in the "braids" between adjacent vortex cores. In the rotating case, anticyclonic vortices are strongly destabilized by weak background rotation, while rapid rotation stabilizes both the cyclones and anticyclones. The strong anticyclones are subject to two distinct forms of instability, namely a Coriolis force modified elliptical instability and an inertial (centrifugal) instability. The former instability is very similar to the nonrotating form of the elliptical instability as it promotes bending of vortex tubes, while the latter instability grows on the edge of the vortex core and generates streaks of vorticity, which surround the vortex core itself. These results of direct numerical simulation fully verify the results of previous linear stability analyses. Taken together, they provide a simple explanation for the broken symmetry that is often observed to be characteristic of the von Karman vortex streets that develop in the atmospheric lee of oceanic islands.  相似文献   

On the Structure of Small-Scale Motion in the Core of the Earth     

P.A. Davidson  F. Siso-Nadal 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(1):49-76

In 1996, St Pierre (1996) reported numerical simulations of a buoyant blob migrating across the earth's outer core and subject to the combined effects of rotation and an azimuthal magnetic field. He noted that the blob rapidly fragments into a series of plate-like structures. Quite independently, Davidson (1995, 1997) discovered a similar behaviour in the context of low- R m turbulence (without a Coriolis force) and showed that this phenomenon has its roots in the destruction of angular momentum by the Lorentz force. The purpose of this paper is to pull together these earlier studies and, in particular, to determine whether or not St. Pierre's platelets are also a consequence of the destruction of angular momentum. We confirm that this is indeed the case.  相似文献   

近海浮游植物水华动力学和生物气候学研究综述     

宋洪军  季如宝  王宗灵 《地球科学进展》2011,26(3):257-265

浮游植物水华作为近海重要的生物过程,其动态变化对生态系统内的能童传递、生产力水平和各生源要素的循环等均有重要影响.随着气候变化对生态系统影响研究的深入,浮游植物水华生物气候学研究已成为当前生物海洋学研究的热点.综述了浮游植物水华的研究历史、研究方法及其发生发展的动力学机制,重点评述了气候变化对浮游植物水华动态的影响及国...  相似文献   

The dynamics of the snow avalanche affected areas in Piatra Mica mountains (Romania)     

Anca Munteanu  Alexandru Nedelea  Laura Comanescu 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2011,343(10):691-700

This article is intended to explain the snow avalanche occurrence, as a natural phenomenon directly influenced by the local natural conditions, for the well-delimited area represented by the Piatra Mica massif, belonging to the Piatra Craiului mountain range (southern Carpathians). In this respect, depending on the factors that may trigger or encourage the avalanches, some vulnerable areas with avalanche occurring conditions have been identified, based on the analysis of the relationships among the factors controlling the avalanche vulnerability in the study area. These factors are mainly represented by the slope aspect, which induces from the very beginning some specific features for each type of slope (north-, east-, south and west-facing slopes), the geological structure, slope gradient and topography. At the same time, the general climatic and biological features have been taken into account, from the point of view of their importance for avalanche occurrence and distribution. Depending on the microrelief exhibited by the avalanche chutes, one can establish distinct dynamical features for each of the four major slopes of the massif. It is worth mentioning that for this study area, this is the first paper dealing with avalanche phenomenon, vulnerable space, control factors and landscape dynamics. In accomplishing this demarche, we used detailed mappings in the field in several stages, the processing of satellite images, analytical (declivities, the exposure of slopes, etc.) and synthetic maps from which the dynamic of sectors with avalanches resulted. The findings of this investigation may further be employed for solving the problems raised by avalanche-prone areas, as well as for devising a better strategy for the effective management of the mountain realm.  相似文献   

Local dynamical equivalence of certain food webs     

Thilo Gross  Ulrike Feudel 《Ocean Dynamics》2009,59(2):417-427

An important challenge in theoretical ecology is to find good coarse-grained representations of complex food webs. Here, we use the approach of generalized modeling to show that it may be possible to formulate a coarse-graining algorithm that conserves the local dynamics of the model exactly. We show examples of food webs with a different number of species that have exactly identical local bifurcation diagrams. Based on these observations, we formulate a conjecture governing which populations of complex food webs can be grouped together into a single variable without changing the local dynamics. As an illustration, we use this conjecture to show that chaotic regions generically exist in the parameter space of a class of food webs with more than three trophic levels. While our conjecture is at present only applicable to relatively special cases, we believe that its applicability could be greatly extended if a more sophisticated mapping of parameters were used in the model reduction.  相似文献