Fatigue Behaviour of Tubular Joints Made of China-Made Platform Steel     

Wang Gnanghai  Chen Bozhen Senior Research Engineer  China Ship Scientific Research Center 《中国海洋工程》1992,(1)

In China, a nationwide research program on fatigue behaviour of tubular joints made of China-made platform steel was carried out from 1983 to 1990, which was set by the Tubular Joint Research Committee for Offshore Structures (TJCOS) of China. This paper gives an outline of the basic properties of the China-made platform steel and fatigue test of tubular joints, including test specimens, test particulars and test results. A p-S-N curve based on the test results was established which reveals that the fatigue strength of tubular joints is fairly good. The thickness effect and effect of corrosion on fatigue strength in sea water are briefly discussed.  相似文献   

Mesoscale eddies off Peru in altimeter records: Identification algorithms and eddy spatio-temporal patterns   总被引：17，自引：1，他引：17  

Alexis Chaigneau  Arnaud Gizolme  Carmen Grados 《Progress in Oceanography》2008,79(2-4):106

Relatively little is known about coherent vortices in the eastern South-Pacific along the Peruvian coast, even with regard to basic facts about their frequency of occurrence, longevity and structure. This study addresses these issues with nearly 15 years of relatively high-resolution satellite altimetry measurements.We first compare two distinct automated methods for eddy identification. The objective validation protocol shows that the rarely-used geometrical or “winding-angle method”, based on the curvature of the streamline functions, is more accurate than the commonly-used “Okubo–Weiss algorithm”, which defines a vortex as a simple connected region with values of Okubo–Weiss parameter weaker than a given threshold.We then investigate vortices off Peru using more than 20,000 mesoscale eddies identified by the winding-angle method. Coherent eddies, characterized by a high ratio of vorticity to deformation rate, are typically formed along the coast and propagate westward at 3–6 cm s⁻¹. The vortices have a mean radius of 80 km, increasing northward, and are most frequently observed off of Chimbote (9°S) and south of San Juan (15°S). The mean eddy lifetime is about 1 month, but if eddies survive at least 2 months, the probability for surviving an additional week (or month) is constant at 90% (or 67%). Anticyclonic eddies tend to propagate northwestward whereas cyclonic vortices migrate southwestward. In general, cyclones and anticyclones are similar, except for eddies surviving at least 6 months. In this case, after a similar 3–4 months of radius and amplitude growth, amplitudes (or sizes) decay particularly rapidly for anticyclonic (or cyclonic) eddies. In terms of intensity, cyclonic eddies show a rapid decay during the first 3 months before arriving at a quasi-constant value, whereas anticyclones exhibit steady decline. Finally, eddy temporal variations were examined at seasonal and interannual scales in the “coastal” region favorable to the formation of energetic mesoscale structures. On seasonal scales, eddy activity is maximal in fall and minimum in spring. At interannual scales, the eddy activity index was maximal during the strong El Niño of 1997–1998 but another strong maximum of eddy activity also occurred late in 2004. These temporal variations are probably associated with the intensification of the upwelling thermal front and with the passage of coastal-trapped waves which generate baroclinic instabilities. Further investigation of the mechanisms involved on the eddy genesis is needed.  相似文献   

Estuarine classification and response to nitrogen loading: Insights from simple ecological models     

D.P. Swaney  D. Scavia  R.W. Howarth  R.M. Marino 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2008

Estuaries exhibit a large range in their responses to nitrogen loadings determined in part by characteristics of the driver, such as magnitude and frequency, but also by such intrinsic characteristics as physical/chemical factors (e.g., depth, volume, hypsometry, salinity, turbidity) and biological factors (e.g., nature of ecological communities, trophic interactions). To address the richness of estuarine response to driver variables, the aim ultimately is to establish a simple estuarine classification scheme, beginning with a river-dominated subset of estuarine systems and focusing on the role of water residence time in the estuary. Residence time (or flushing time) is related to other drivers (streamflow, nutrient, and sediment loads) and drives much of the biological response of estuaries because of flushing effects on plankton, temperature, nutrients, and light. Toward this goal, nutrient–phytoplankton–zooplankton (NPZ) models have been used to examine a range of subjects including effects of nutrient limitation and zooplankton predation on phytoplankton dynamics and fish predation. This class of model can admit a wide range of behavior, including multiple steady-states and oscillatory behavior. The NPZ equations include terms for nutrient recycling, phytoplankton settling, benthic regeneration, and zooplankton mortality. Analysis of the equations suggests that both the nature of nitrogen loading (i.e., whether it is correlated with discharge or independent of it) and residence time are critical in determining the steady-state response of the system.  相似文献   

塔里木盆地西部地区中奥陶统一间房组沉积演化及其控制因素     

郭川  陈代钊  付勇  宋亚芳  汪远征 《地质学报》2022,96(11):3924-3942

塔里木盆地中奥陶统一间房组沉积演化和沉积层序的发育特征及其控制因素目前还存在争议。选择塔里木盆地西部良里塔格山地区一间房组为研究对象,基于沉积相和高频米级沉积旋回类型的识别及其垂向叠置样式的分析,明确一间房组的沉积演化和沉积层序的发育特征及其控制因素。研究表明：(1)一间房组沉积时期,良里塔格山地区整体为一个碳酸盐岩缓坡沉积体系,主要发育10种岩相类型和2个沉积相带(潮缘—局限潮下带和开阔潮下带);(2)一间房组发育两种高频米级沉积旋回,分别为潮缘—局限潮下沉积旋回和开阔潮下沉积旋回;(3)识别出2个半三级层序,层序界面主要为岩性转换面,其中一个完整的三级层序包括海侵体系域和海退体系域两部分;(4)沉积演化与层序发育的主要控制因素包括古地理格局、沉积微地貌及不同级次的相对海平面变化。其中古地理格局控制着整体的沉积相带分布,沉积微地貌决定着特定岩相(如瓶筐石礁)发育的优势部位,不同级次相对海平面变化则制约着沉积相的时空演化。  相似文献   

57～48万年前东亚夏季风的神农架石笋记录   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

童凯  汪永进  程海  姜修洋 《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2007,27(4):111-116

应用MC-ICP-MS和MAT-253质谱技术,实测神农架山宝洞一支长达1.2 m石笋(SB32)的3个230Th年龄和236个氧同位素数据。在年龄误差范围内,运用天文轨道调谐方法重建了570~480 kaBP时段百年至千年际分辨率东亚夏季风降水记录。该记录跨越4个完整的岁差旋回,在岁差周期上石笋δ18O平均振幅达4‰。研究时段内东亚夏季风轨道尺度变化仍然受太阳辐射的控制。石笋记录的深海氧同位素阶段MIS14/13转换过程与末次冰消期具有类似特征。一系列千年尺度事件叠加在岁差周期夏季风变化趋势上,表明千年尺度气候变化是地球气候系统内部自我维持的固有频率,可能属于海-陆-气相互作用的结果。  相似文献   

Effectiveness of introducing crop coefficient and leaf area index to enhance evapotranspiration simulations in hydrologic models     

Dereje Birhanu  Hyeonjun Kim  Cheolhee Jang 《水文研究》2019,33(16):2206-2226

Evapotranspiration (ET) is an essential component of the hydrological cycle and plays a critical role in water resource management. However, ET is often overlooked in order to transform rainfall to runoff for better streamflow simulation. Hydrological models are commonly used to estimate areal actual evapotranspiration (AET) after calibration against observed discharge. However, classical approaches are often inadequate to appropriately simulate other hydrologic components. Hence, it is important to introduce natural heterogeneity to enhance hydrological processes and reduce water balance errors. In this study, the effectiveness of introducing a constant crop coefficient (K_c), flux tower‐based K_c, and leaf area index (LAI) to three hydrological models (Three‐Parametric Hydrologic Model [TPHM], Génie Rural à 4 paramètres Journalier [GR4J], and Catchment hydrologic cycle Assessment Tool [CAT]) is assessed for the simulation of daily streamflow and AET in a mountainous mixed forest watershed (8.54 km²) in South Korea. The results show that the streamflow simulations after introduction of K_c and LAI to the original models are quite similar. However, the effectiveness of the AET estimation was significantly enhanced after introduction of the flux tower‐based K_c and LAI. The information criterion computed to compare the models reveals that the flux tower‐based K_c‐simulated AET demonstrated better agreement with the observed AET. The Pearson's correlation coefficients (R²) of the TPHM (8%), GR4J (55%), and CAT (55%) models also showed improvements that were greater than the constant based K_c simulation. Similarly, the limitations of the three models with respect to capturing seasonal variation as well as high and low flows were enhanced after the introduction of the flux tower‐based K_c, which adequately reproduced hydrological processes with minimum water balance errors and bias. A regression analysis revealed the potential of estimating K_c as a linear function of LAI (R² = 0.84). The results of this study indicate that introduction of K_c and LAI to the conceptual rainfall–runoff models can be considered an effective approach to reduce water balance errors and uncertainties in hydrological models and improve the reliability of climate change studies and water resource management.  相似文献   

Kolb's Experiential Learning Theory and Its Application in Geography in Higher Education   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

《The Journal of geography》2012,111(5):185-195

Abstract

Kolb's experiential learning theory is one of the best known educational theories in higher education. The theory presents a way of structuring a session or a whole course using a learning cycle. The different stages of the cycle are associated with distinct learning styles. Individuals differ in their preferred learning styles, and recognizing this is the first stage in raising students' awareness of the alternative approaches possible. This article presents some case studies of ways in which the theory can be applied in university geography.  相似文献   

中国区域陆地生态系统碳收支综合研究的科技需求与重要科学问题   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

王秋凤  刘颖慧  何念鹏  方华军  伏玉玲  于贵瑞 《地理科学进展》2012,31(1):78-87

陆地生态系统碳收支及其循环过程机制研究一直是全球气候变化的成因分析、变化趋势预测、减缓和适应对策分析等领域的热点,受到科技界和国际社会的广泛关注。本文在简要回顾中国陆地生态系统碳收支及其循环过程研究领域的发展历史,总结各个发展阶段主要特征的基础上,讨论了开展中国区域陆地生态系统碳收支综合研究的科技需求和社会需求,评述了中国在相关领域研究中存在的主要问题,探讨了当前的科学研究前沿领域及其关键科学问题。本文指出,现阶段中国开展区域尺度陆地生态系统碳收支及其循环过程机制综合研究工作不仅是提升中国生态系统生态学、地球系统科学与全球变化科学的创新能力的科技发展需求,更是中国参与应对全球气候变化国际合作、改进生态系统管理、保障生态安全的社会经济发展需求。同时还指出,中国现阶段在该领域的研究工作还缺乏各类生态系统碳收支的实际调查数据,缺乏国家尺度碳收支科学数据的整合,缺乏可用于碳收支计量与综合评估的模型工具,也没有形成国家层次的碳源汇计量、评估、认证及决策分析信息系统平台。本文通过国内外科技发展的分析认为,中国在该领域的研究工作,应在大力发展陆地生态系统碳收支和碳汇功能的定量监测、评价和认证的方法与技术基础上,重点关注并前瞻性地开展陆地生态系统碳-氮-水循环过程耦合关系及其对全球气候变化的响应与适应、碳-氮-磷生态化学计量学特征及其环境影响、碳-氮-水耦合循环过程的生物调控机制等前沿领域,以提高中国生态系统与全球变化科学研究水平,为国家的生态系统与温室气体管理提供基础理论、科学知识和先进技术的储备。  相似文献   

Qualitative analysis of two-fluid FRW cosmological models     

A. K. Verma 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2009,321(1):73-77

This paper focuses attention on a qualitative analysis of the evolution of two-fluid flat FRW cosmological models.In the first model one of the fluid represents matter content of the universe comoving with respect to the another fluid that is the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR), these two fluids are interacting.The first model is most relevant to describe the scenario before the recombination epoch when matter and radiation were in an interactive phase and the photons was bound to electron through Thomson scattering. The second model describe two noninteracting fluids where the matter is comoving to the space-time coordinates and the CMBR is moving axially, relative to the matter thus modeling the relative velocity between galaxies and the CMBR (Phys. Rev. Lett. 39:898–901, 1977). This model portray the cosmic evolution in the postrecombination epoch when the two-fluid are noninteracting.In this epoch the photons got themselves free to form the CMBR being observed presently.   相似文献   

渤海湾盆地渤中凹陷原油地球化学特征研究          下载免费PDF全文

倪春华  包建平 《江苏地质》2009,33(4):359-365

渤海湾盆地油气资源十分丰富、类型多样。通过对渤中凹陷19个原油样品地球化学特征的系统研究,揭示了该区不同类型、不同性质原油在物理性质、化学组成、生物标志物分布与组成、正构烷烃单体烃碳同位素等方面的差异。研究表明,渤中凹陷存在凝析油、正常油和生物降解原油。凝析油具有低密度、低粘度、低含蜡、饱和烃含量高,非烃、沥青质和芳烃含量低的特征,生物降解原油则反之。凝析油和生物降解原油中的重排补身烷丰度都大于8β（H）-补身烷的丰度,C24四环萜烷丰度低。渤中凹陷原油正构烷烃单体烃碳同位素组成分为两类：一类具有较轻的碳同位素组成,其同位素值介于-2．75％～-2．95％之间;另一类的碳同位素组成则较重,一般介于-2．40％--2．75％之间。  相似文献