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991.
天津市滨海地区地面沉降灾害风险评估与区划 总被引:8,自引:2,他引:6
文章对1985~2006年累计地面沉降量及近几年地面沉降速率进行分析和叠加评价,完成天津市滨海地区地面沉降灾害危险性分区图;以人口密度和单位面积GDP为指标进行易损性分析;从每km2水准测量km数和地下水压采量占开采量百分比两方面考虑防灾减灾能力;在此基础上,借助GIS空间分析方法,将危险性分区图、易损性分区图和防灾减灾能力分区图进行叠加分析,完成天津市滨海地区地面沉降灾害风险区划图,分为低风险区、较低风险区、中等风险区、较高风险区、高风险区5等。 相似文献
992.
993.
我国目前正处于城市化快速发展阶段,随之而来的城市雨水资源的大量流失和污染严重的雨水径流及由此引起的城市洪灾和生态环境破坏等问题引起了人们的高度关注。对开发区雨水利用可行性分析结果表明:开发区雨水收集量可占总用水量的2.5%—8.0%,可节约用水费用12%—20%;与污水回用相比,在污水量小于5 000 m3/d时,采用雨水收集利用更加经济可行。因此,提出在区域规划层次上,应提高对城市雨水利用对策的重视,充分发挥区域规划环境影响评价宏观控制、协调的作用。 相似文献
994.
根据1961—2000年辽宁地区降水资料,将辽宁地区降水划分为4个区,分析各分区降水的年际、年代际、季节变化以及周期特征。结果表明:辽宁南部和东南部地区降水明显减少;自20世纪90年代开始,东南部和南部地区降水显著减少,而中部地区降水增加;东南部地区的夏冬季和南部地区的冬季降水减少,西部地区春季降水增多。周期特征为春季和冬季周期为2 a或4 a,夏季和秋季为10 a。各分区夏季降水的影响因子不同,辽南地区多雨年东亚槽明显加深,东南区多雨年东亚槽略有加深并且偏东;南部和东南部夏季降水与副热带高压系统相关显著;各区夏季降水与太阳黑子负相关较好,其中8月相关显著,南部和中部相关性均好于东南部和西部地区。 相似文献
995.
Overview of integrative tools and methods in assessing ecological integrity in estuarine and coastal systems worldwide 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:8
Borja A Bricker SB Dauer DM Demetriades NT Ferreira JG Forbes AT Hutchings P Jia X Kenchington R Carlos Marques J Zhu C 《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,56(9):1519-1537
In recent years, several sets of legislation worldwide (Oceans Act in USA, Australia or Canada; Water Framework Directive or Marine Strategy in Europe, National Water Act in South Africa, etc.) have been developed in order to address ecological quality or integrity, within estuarine and coastal systems. Most such legislation seeks to define quality in an integrative way, by using several biological elements, together with physico-chemical and pollution elements. Such an approach allows assessment of ecological status at the ecosystem level ('ecosystem approach' or 'holistic approach' methodologies), rather than at species level (e.g. mussel biomonitoring or Mussel Watch) or just at chemical level (i.e. quality objectives) alone. Increasing attention has been paid to the development of tools for different physico-chemical or biological (phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos, algae, phanerogams, fishes) elements of the ecosystems. However, few methodologies integrate all the elements into a single evaluation of a water body. The need for such integrative tools to assess ecosystem quality is very important, both from a scientific and stakeholder point of view. Politicians and managers need information from simple and pragmatic, but scientifically sound methodologies, in order to show to society the evolution of a zone (estuary, coastal area, etc.), taking into account human pressures or recovery processes. These approaches include: (i) multidisciplinarity, inherent in the teams involved in their implementation; (ii) integration of biotic and abiotic factors; (iii) accurate and validated methods in determining ecological integrity; and (iv) adequate indicators to follow the evolution of the monitored ecosystems. While some countries increasingly use the establishment of marine parks to conserve marine biodiversity and ecological integrity, there is awareness (e.g. in Australia) that conservation and management of marine ecosystems cannot be restricted to Marine Protected Areas but must include areas outside such reserves. This contribution reviews the current situation of integrative ecological assessment worldwide, by presenting several examples from each of the continents: Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and North America. 相似文献
996.
As demands on aquatic resources increase, there is a growing need to monitor and assess their condition. This paper reviews a variety of aquatic environmental assessments, at local, national, international and global scales and finds confusion in the terminology used to describe assessments. In particular the terms 'ecosystem' and 'integrated' are often misused resulting in lack of clarity. Therefore, definitions of some assessment terminology are suggested, consolidating existing proposals and simplifying future applications. A conclusion from the review is that a new classification system is required. The categorisation system proposed builds on preliminary work of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). Assessment classification is based on the environmental components considered, methodologies and nature of the linkages between components, and the inclusion or exclusion of socio-economic factors. The assessment terminology and categorisation system provided could in future simplify the way that assessments are defined and used to inform development of management strategies. 相似文献
997.
汶川地震损失快速评估 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4
本文根据历史震害统计资料并结合前人研究,给出了四川、陕西、甘肃三省不同结构类型住宅的震害矩阵;结合汶川地震烈度图和三省的社会经济统计数据,包括人口、人均住房面积、不同结构住宅比例等,进行震后损失快速评估,得出四川、陕西、甘肃三省县级地理单元的住宅破坏情况、无家可归人数、住宅经济损失等评估数据,为抗震救灾提供决策依据。评估结果显示,如果按总体损失指标(经济损失或无家可归人数),江油、三台、安县、都江堰市、绵竹市、中江县是损失最严重的六个县;如果按照人均损失指标(人均经济损失或每万人无家可归人数),北川、安县、汶川、平武、绵竹、青川等是受灾最严重的六个县。通过比较县级地理单元的损失情况,作者认为在这次地震中,人均损失指标比总体损失指标更能代表一个地区受灾的严重程度,用总体损失指标来评估一个地区的因灾损失程度,用人均损失指标来评价一个地区的受灾程度。本文最后给出了考虑地震烈度空间分布异性的震后损失快速评估技术流程。 相似文献
998.
Guoqing WANG Jianyun ZHANG Ruimin HE Naiqian JIANG Xin'ai JING 《国际泥沙研究》2008,23(2):174-180
Recently, runoff in many river basins in China has been decreasing. Therefore, the role that climate change and human activities are playing in this decrease is currently of interest. In this study, we evaluated an assessment method that was designed to quantitatively separate the effects of climate change and human activities on runoff in river basins. Specifically, we calibrated the SIMHYD rainfall runoff model using naturally recorded hydro-meteorologic data pertaining to the Sanchuanhe River basin and then determined the effects of climate change and human activities on runoff by comparing the estimated natural runoff that occurred during the period in which humans disturbed the basin to the runoff that occurred during the period prior to disturbance by humans. The results of this study revealed that the S1MHYD rainfall runoff model performs well for estimating monthly discharge. In addition, we found that absolute runoff reductions have increased in response to human activities and climate change, with average reductions of 70.1% and 29.9% in total runoff being caused by human activities and climate change, respectively. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that human activities are the primary cause of runoff reduction in the Sanchuanhe River basin. 相似文献
999.
1000.