The 1997 El Niño,Indonesian Forest Fires and the Malaysian Smoke Problem: A Deadly Combination of Natural and Man-Made Hazard     

Murty  T. S.  Scott  D.  Baird  W. 《Natural Hazards》2000,21(2-3):131-144

The El Niño of 1997–1998 produced the most intenseimpact on the conterminous U.S.A., generating a seriesof powerful rain and wind storms off the coast ofCalifornia in early February 1998. The 1997–1998 ElNiño also produced severe flooding and extensive mudslides along the west coast of South America andprolonged drought conditions in northeast Brazil. Onthe other (west) side of the equatorial Pacific, the El Niño produced the worst drought in 50 years overIndonesia and helped spread the ongoing forest fireson the island of Borneo to well over one millionacres. In this paper, the smoke and pollution problem overMalaysia will be analyzed in the context of ongoingIndonesian forest fires and the severity of the 1997El Niño – a deadly combination which led to the mosthazardous smoke problem over Malaysia duringAugust–September 1997. The severity of the smokepollution is documented using media reports andavailable API (air pollution index) values overselected cities in Malaysia. The role of the El Niñoand its evolution in enhancing the smoke pollutionover Malaysia is further discussed and suitably documented.Some of the mitigation measures presently beingadopted in Malaysia to combat the smoke pollution arebriefly discussed.  相似文献   

2004～2011年印度尼西亚贯穿流在望加锡海峡中的年际变化          下载免费PDF全文

王健  杜岩  郑少军  刘凯 《热带海洋学报》2014,(6)

文章基于2004年1月~2006年11月的"国际努加登沙层结与输运"(international Nusantara stratification and transport,INSTANT)计划以及2006年11月~2011年7月的"印度尼西亚贯穿流观测"(monitoring the Indonesian throughflow,MITF)计划的实测数据,从长时间序列研究印度尼西亚贯穿流的变化。在望加锡海峡中,印度尼西亚贯穿流的周期信号分布非常丰富,涵盖潮汐、季节内、季节和年际信号。对于季节变化,东南季风期间温跃层深度上最大南向流速约为1.0m·s-1,而西北季风期间最大南向流速约为0.8m·s-1。印度尼西亚贯穿流的年际变化与尼诺3.4区指数(NINO3.4)呈正相关,最大相关系数大约在NINO 3.4前1~2个月;水深150m以上,印度尼西亚贯穿流与偶极子模态指数(dipole mode index,DMI)呈负相关,200m以下呈正相关,在时间上较DMI滞后约1~2个月。季节变化的经验正交分解(empirical orthogonal function,EOF)前2个模态方差的总贡献率为97%,其中第一模态为65%,第二模态为32%;年际变化的EOF前2个模态的方差贡献率为90%,其中第一模态为51%,第二模态为39%。季节变化的第二模态和年际变化的第一模态表征赤道印度洋开尔文波模态,该模态的空间结构在垂向会发生相位反转;季节变化的第一模态和年际变化的第二模态表征赤道太平洋罗斯贝波(Rossby waves)的厄尔尼诺与南方涛动(El Ni?o and southern oscillation,ENSO)模态,其垂向的空间结构变化比较一致。  相似文献   

ITF in a coupled GCM and its interannual variability related to ENSO and IOD     

LI Wei  LI Zhaoxin  LIU Hailong 《海洋学报(英文版)》2006,25(1):32-47

1 Introduction Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) connects the Indian and Pacific Oceans at low latitudes. There is the well- known interannual variability, El Ni%o, over the tropical Pacific. The recent finding of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) (Saji et al., 1999; …  相似文献   

Hydrological flow paths at the allt A' mharcaidh catchment: An analysis of plot and catchment scale observations     

H. S. Wheater  S. Tuck  R. C. Ferrier  A. Jenkins  F. M. Kleissen  T. A. B. Walker  M. B. Beck 《水文研究》1993,7(4):359-371

An integrated programme of hydrological monitoring at the 10 km² Allt a' Mharcaidh catchment in north-east Scotland has been based on observations at plot, hillslope and catchment scale. The resonse of the principal soil types has been characterized from a combination of throughflow and three-dimensional tensiometer data at plot scale, and plot sequences have been used to investigate hillslope scale effects. Seep emergence is associated with downslope drainage and local topographic convergence; in parallel preferential pathways generate a highly dynamic throughflow response. Catchment and subcatchment hydrographs mirror the twin dynamic observed at hillslope scale, and a unified hypothesis of response is presented which is consistent with all scales of observations.  相似文献   

皮克特图版在含泥质砂岩储层测井解释评价中的改进及应用     

丁磊  张恒荣  袁伟  郑志锋  王一 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2020,50(3):911-918

经典皮克特图版由阿尔奇公式推导而来,但无法处理泥质砂岩储层。本文以南海西部海域W油田作为研究对象,从印度尼西亚公式出发,对经典皮克特图版进行改进,开发出了泥质砂岩皮克特图版。通过对比分析经典皮克特图版与泥质砂岩皮克特图版的不同,指出在含泥质砂岩储层测井解释评价中使用泥质砂岩皮克特图版的重要性,并提出利用迭代法精确求解地层水电阻率及岩电参数的方法。研究表明：使用改进的泥质砂岩皮克特图版计算得到的地层水电阻率与纯水层的计算结果保持一致;同时,相比于经验值,使用迭代法求解出的地层水电阻率及岩电参数与实际情况更为吻合。  相似文献   

印尼贯穿流对印度洋的热量贡献     

张铁成  王卫强  谢强  陈玲舫 《海洋学报(英文版)》2019,38(4):72-79

本文基于海洋环流模式模拟的高分辨率欧拉场,利用拉格朗日追踪方法,评估了印尼贯穿流（ITF）对印度洋的热量贡献。通过计算ITF水体在印度洋的传输路径及伴随的温度变化来获取ITF水体在印度洋的热量传输过程。模拟结果表明ITF进入印度洋后主要向西流动并在到达马达加斯加后分叉,进入南、北印度洋。热收支分析表明ITF在北印度洋吸收0.41 PW热量,在南印度洋释放0.56 PW热量;这两个过程相互补偿,导致ITF对整个印度洋的净加热贡献并不显著,只有0.15 PW。进一步的检查ITF离开印度洋的出口（跨过34°S）,结果表明ITF主要随着位于西边界的奥古拉斯流和位于东边界的利文流离开印度洋。约89%的ITF水体沿着西边界离开印度洋,其余的11%主要沿着东边界离开印度洋;前者对整个印度洋的净加热贡献为0.10 PW,后者的净加热贡献为0.05 PW。  相似文献   

太平洋-印度洋贯穿流南海分支在卡里马塔海峡的十年观测回顾   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3  

Wei Zexun  Li Shujiang  Susanto R. Dwi  Wang Yonggang  Fan Bin  Xu Tengfei  Sulistiyo Budi  Adi T. Rameyo  Setiawan Agus  Kuswardani A.  Fang Guohong 《海洋学报(英文版)》2019,38(4):1-11

除印度尼西亚贯穿流之外,南海贯穿流也是太平洋向印度洋输送海水的重要分支。尽管基于数值模拟等方法的研究早已指出,南海分支在太平洋-印度洋洋际交换中有重要作用,但是直到2007年之前,南海分支在卡里马塔海峡处的观测几乎是空白。本文回顾了自2007年起,通过中印尼合作项目"南海-印度尼西亚海水交换及对鱼类季节性洄游的影响（SITE）"在卡里马塔海峡开展的近十年观测,以及在此基础上进一步开展的"印度尼西亚贯穿流海域水交换、内波和混合观测及其生态效应（TIMIT）"观测项目,并对SITE和TIMIT观测取得的成果进行了总结。  相似文献   

一种考虑自然气候振荡的趋势估计方法及其在印尼贯穿流多年代际趋势研究中的应用     

胡石建 《海洋科学》2018,42(10):8-15

地球气候系统一方面在内部动力过程(尤其是海洋动力过程)的调控下存在强烈的自然周期或准周期振荡,另一方面在人类温室气体持续排放等重要外强迫的作用下而存在长期变化趋势。如何在物理量的趋势估计中去除掉自然周期性振荡的影响,是气候变化研究中的关键科学问题之一。针对该问题,本文基于理想化的数学模型,结合印尼贯穿流多年代际趋势的实际研究工作,提出了滑动趋势法,以去除或减少自然周期振荡对趋势估计的影响。本文对滑动趋势法的基本原理和效果进行了阐述,并通过理论模型对该方法进行了检验,结果表明滑动趋势法可以得到接近真实趋势的估计值。利用滑动趋势法估算的印尼贯穿流流量在1985～2010年间的多年代际趋势比粗估趋势大了近1倍,这对理解印尼贯穿流和印太气候系统具有重要意义。该方法具有普适性,可在地球气候变化研究乃至其他关于物理量的趋势估算中广泛使用。  相似文献   

Interactions between the Indonesian Throughflow and circulations in the Indian and Pacific Oceans   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Julian P. McCreary  Toru Miyama  Tommy Jensen  Bohyun Bang 《Progress in Oceanography》2007,75(1):70-114

Circulations associated with the Indonesian Throughflow (IT), particularly concerning subsurface currents in the Pacific Ocean, are studied using three types of models: a linear, continuously stratified (LCS) model and a nonlinear, -layer model (LOM), both confined to the Indo-Pacific basin; and a global, ocean general circulation model (COCO). Solutions are wind forced, and obtained with both open and closed Indonesian passages. Layers 1-4 of LOM correspond to near-surface, thermocline, subthermocline (thermostad), and upper-intermediate (AAIW) water, respectively, and analogous layers are defined for COCO.The three models share a common dynamics. When the Indonesian passages are abruptly opened, barotropic and baroclinic waves radiate into the interiors of both oceans. The steady-state, barotropic flow field from the difference (open − closed) solution is an anticlockwise circulation around the perimeter of the southern Indian Ocean, with its meridional branches confined to the western boundaries of both oceans. In contrast, steady-state, baroclinic flows extend into the interiors of both basins, a consequence of damping of baroclinic waves by diapycnal processes (internal diffusion, upwelling and subduction, and convective overturning). Deep IT-associated currents are the subsurface parts of these baroclinic flows. In the Pacific, they tend to be directed eastward and poleward, extend throughout the basin, and are closed by upwelling in the eastern ocean and Subpolar Gyre. Smaller-scale aspects of their structure vary significantly among the models, depending on the nature of their diapycnal mixing.At the exit to the Indonesian Seas, the IT is highly surface trapped in all the models, with a prominent, deep core in the LCS model and in LOM. The separation into two cores is due to near-equatorial, eastward-flowing, subsurface currents in the Pacific Ocean, which drain layer 2 and layer 3 waters from the western ocean to supply water for the upwelling regions in the eastern ocean; indeed, depending on the strength and parameterization of vertical diffusion in the Pacific interior, the draining can be strong enough that layer 3 water flows from the Indian to Pacific Ocean. The IT in COCO lacks a significant deep core, likely because the model’s coarse bottom topography has no throughflow passage below 1000 m. Consistent with observations, water in the near-surface (deep) core comes mostly from the northern (southern) hemisphere, a consequence of the wind-driven circulation in the tropical North Pacific being mostly confined to the upper ocean; as a result, it causes the near-surface current along the New Guinea coast to retroflect eastward, but has little impact on the deeper New Guinea undercurrent.In the South Pacific, the IT-associated flow into the basin is spread roughly uniformly throughout all four layers, a consequence of downwelling processes in the Indian Ocean. The inflow first circulates around the Subtropical Gyre, and then bends northward at the Australian coast to flow to the equator within the western boundary currents. To allow for this additional, northward transport, the bifurcation latitude of the South Equatorial Current shifts southward when the Indonesian passages are open. The shift is greater at depth (layers 3 and 4), changing from about 14°S when the passages are closed to 19°S when they are open and, hence, accounting for the northward-flowing Great Barrier Reef Undercurrent in that latitude range.After flowing along the New Guinea coast, most waters in layers 1-3 bend offshore to join the North Equatorial Countercurrent, Equatorial Undercurrent, and southern Tsuchiya Jet, respectively, thereby ensuring that northern hemisphere waters contribute significantly to the IT. In contrast, much of the layer 4 water directly exits the basin via the IT, but some also flows into the subpolar North Pacific. Except for the direct layer 4 outflow, all other IT-associated waters circulate about the North Pacific before they finally enter the Indonesian Seas via the Mindanao Current.  相似文献   

Variability of the Indo-Pacific Ocean exchanges     

Carl Wunsch 《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2010

The ECCO–GODAE global estimate of the ocean circulation 1992–2007 is analyzed in the region of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF), including the Southern Ocean flow south of Australia. General characteristics are an intense month-to-month noise, only weak trends, and an important annual cycle (which is not the focus of attention). Apart from the details of the unresolved flows within the various passages, and right on the equator, the region and its large-scale climate effects appears to be accurately diagnosed by large-scale geostrophic balance, so that the ITF can be calculated either from the upstream or the downstream balanced flow (but no simple reference level can be defined). The INSTANT program occurs during a more or less typical three-year period. Indications of response to the large 1997–1998 El Niño are weak.  相似文献