Institutional analysis of actors involved in the governance of innovative contracts for agri-environmental and climate schemes     

《Global Environmental Change》2023

In this study, we used institutional analysis to investigate the design of innovative contracts for agri-environmental and climate schemes. The aim of such contracts is to better incentivize farmers for the provision of environmental public goods in comparison to current ‘mainstream’ contracts. For the analysis, we differentiated four contract types: result-based, collective, land tenure, and value chain contracts. To represent each type in the analysis, we selected 19 case examples from six European countries. Cases were identified through a mix of methods, combining literature review, web search, and expert consultation. After a structured data collection based on Ostrom’s institutional analysis and development (IAD) framework, we focused our analysis on the involved actors and their roles in contract governance. Our results highlight the great diversity of public, private, and civil actors involved from the local, regional, national or international governance level, each performing one or several critical roles in contract governance. We found that it is highly context-dependent which actors assume certain roles. We also discuss how provision of environmental public goods through the contracts might potentially be impacted by certain roles and their assignment to specific actors.  相似文献   

地震反射波法在浅层勘探中的应用     

蒋维平  孟宪民 《中国煤炭地质》2008,(9):59-60

常规多次覆盖反射波法地震勘探难以获得100ms（一般相当于80m）以上的有效地震反射信息,形成浅部地层勘探盲区。为有效解决浅层勘探难题,提出了单道自激自收或点组合小排列施工方法。该方法除对震源输出脉冲宽度、频率特性有要求外,还对震源适应性有较高的要求。实例表明：采用小药量震源激发,点组合小排列接收,可有效划分100ms以内的层位;而单道锤击自激自收反射波法,对地下敷设电缆、城市排水沟、地下管道及人防工程的探测效果明显高于常规地震勘探。  相似文献   

Models of thermal conductivity of crystalline rocks     

Alan M. Jessop 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2008,97(2):413-419

A numerical model of a rock sample provides estimates of conductivity related to mineral content that are very close to estimates provided by previous models. For any given volumetric mineral content conductivity may vary slightly, depending on the crystal arrangement and the crystal size. Order of crystallisation of the minerals causes differences of conductivity of less than 2%. Crystal size from small to up to 75% of the sample size creates differences in conductivity of the sample of about 3%. Disagreement of calculated values based on surface point-count of mineral content with measured values of the samples is up to 35%, which is attributed to the inability of one surface to adequately represent the volumetric mineral content.  相似文献   

农业系统地图在区域经济布局及规划中的应用     

祝国瑞  张根寿 《武汉大学学报(信息科学版)》1991,(2)

本文探讨了利用农业系统地图直接对区域经济布局及发展作出规划与预测,并将分析和解译地图的结果直接用于指导生产实践的可行性。结果表明,地图就是客观实际的科学模拟,可以揭示出自然与经济、经济系统内部的规律,是研究农业生产合理的规划和布局,发展区域经济和科学预测的极为有效的科学工具。  相似文献   

Institutional challenges for policy-making and fisheries advice to move to a full EAFM approach within the current governance structures for marine policies     

《Marine Policy》2016

The European Union is aiming to implement an Ecosystem Approach for the management of all human activities in the marine environment, hereunder the fisheries sector. Since the last reform of the Common Fisheries Policy in 2013, several analyses have highlighted the barriers and challenges to this aim. Despite the claim that much of the framework to support the implementation of an EAFM in Europe is in place, the findings point out to deterrent features within the governance system. Beyond the overall policy framework, this paper explores the implementation of the multiannual multispecies management plans as one of the real moves towards Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management. This is carried out on the basis of two case studies that address the design of multiannual multispecies management plans for the Baltic Sea and for the Atlantic Pelagic fisheries. The analyses strengthen with empirical evidences our understanding of the challenges ahead including, among others, an institutional gap between fisheries and environmental policy frameworks resulting in a limited integration of broader environmental concerns in one of the proposed plan and the standoff between decision-makers that delays the adoption and use of proposed management plans and creates frustration for the involved agencies.  相似文献   

Laboratory Measurements of Vortex- and Wake-Induced Vibrations of A Tandem Arrangement of Two Flexible Risers     

刘怀增  王飞  蒋国盛  郭海燕  李效民 《海洋工程》2016,(1):47-56

The dynamic response of two flexible model risers in tandem arrangement immersed in a stepped current was analyzed. The risers, with an external diameter of 20 mm and a total length of 6200 mm, had an aspect ratio of 310. They were hinged to the support structure at the center-to-center distances away 3?12 times the external diameter. The top 1200 mm was exposed to a uniform current at a speed which was up to 0.9 m/s (the Reynolds number was 18000) and the rest in still water. The dynamic responses, which were obtained through the Fiber Bragg Grating strain gauges mounted on the surface, were analyzed by studying the cross-flow amplitudes and modal weights. The cross-flow vibration were observed up to the third mode, and the modal transformation from the second mode to the third mode was clearly observed. The experiment confirmed that the typical vortex-induced vibration (VIV) had occurred on the up-stream riser. But for the down-stream riser, the main excitation mechanism was wake-induced vibration (WIV). The modal transformation of WIV was more complex than that of VIV, which might be helpful for other researchers to study the interference effect.  相似文献   

Institutional change and the political economy of water megaprojects: China’s south-north water transfer     

《Global Environmental Change》2016

This paper analyses the relationship between megaproject construction and change in water management institutions. Due to the wide geographical distribution of their costs and benefits, which often spans national and provincial borders, water supply megaprojects frequently prompt intentional or evolutionary institutional change. China’s South-North Water Transfer Project (Middle Route), the world’s largest interbasin transfer project, was completed in December 2014 and is now in operation. Based on extensive fieldwork and analysis of Chinese documents, this paper introduces the government actors involved in, and impacted by, the planning and construction of the project. By detailing the interests of these actors, and the way those interests have been affected by the political, economic and environmental changes wrought by the megaproject, it shows that the Middle Route project has already contributed to change in one major financial institution – water pricing – and is exerting pressure on at least two others—infrastructure financing and compensation. Despite the regulatory efforts of the Chinese central government, incomplete institutional change processes threaten the long-term viability of the megaproject. Megaprojects demand institutional change and this must be factored into policymaking processes; business as usual will not suffice if the real benefits of the South-North Water Transfer are to be fairly distributed and its negative social, economic and environmental effects mitigated and appropriately compensated.  相似文献   

构建基于生态文明理念的湿地保护管理制度   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

鲍达明 《湿地科学与管理》2016,(1):4-7

全国湿地面积减少、功能下降、生物多样性衰退的趋势仍在继续,其中管理制度不健全是直接的主要原因之一。在全面深化改革、加快绿色发展的背景下,建立和健全基于生态文明理念的湿地保护管理制度,是做好新形势下湿地保护工作的关键。分析了我国湿地保护管理制度中存在的问题,提出了深化湿地管理制度的具体举措,创造性地提出了建立湿地产权确权、湿地分级管理和分级行使所有权、湿地生态红线等7项制度的具体设计,探索建立控制湿地面积减少、增强湿地生态功能、支撑湿地保护可持续发展的制度体系。  相似文献   

土工袋垫层抗液化性能振动台试验研究     

刘斯宏  李博文  鲁洋  沈超敏  方斌昕  杭丹 《岩土力学》2022,43(Z2):183-192

土工袋能够有效地约束袋内土体,具有良好的滤水保土作用,可以用于地基抗液化,但土工袋抗液化性能尚未有系统及深入的研究。开展了一系列小振动台试验,验证土工袋垫层的抗液化效果,研究了振动加速度、土工袋层数和排列方式对抗液化性能的影响。结果表明：土工袋具有良好的抗液化效果,袋内土体的超静孔压比小于同深度处周围的土体;土工袋垫层的排水性能是在土工袋本身具有良好透水性的基础上,孔隙水会沿着土工袋与土体的界面以及袋间的空隙排出;相较于不透水刚性垫层,振动过程中土工袋垫层表面基本保持水平,发挥出较好的变形协调性;土工袋层数增加及交错式排列对抗液化效果有利。  相似文献   

软甲纲(节肢动物门:甲壳动物亚门)系统发育线粒体基因组研究     

申欣  田美  阎斌伦  朱嘉濠 《海洋学报(英文版)》2015,34(2):84-92

Along with the sequencing technology development and continual enthusiasm of researchers on the mitochondrial genomes, the number of metazoan mitochondrial genomes reported has a tremendous growth in the past decades. Phylomitogenomics—reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships based on mitochondrial genomic data—is now possible across large animal groups. Crustaceans in the class Malacostraca display a high diversity of body forms and include large number of ecologically and commercially important species. In this study, comprehensive and systematic analyses of the phylogenetic relationships within Malacostraca were conducted based on 86 mitochondrial genomes available from Gen Bank. Among 86 malacostracan mitochondrial genomes, 54 species have identical major gene arrangement(excluding t RNAs) to pancrustacean ground pattern,including six species from Stomatopoda, three species from Amphipoda, two krill, seven species from Dendrobranchiata(Decapoda), and 36 species from Pleocyemata(Decapoda). However, the other 32 mitochondrial genomes reported exhibit major gene rearrangements. Phylogenies based on Bayesian analyses of nucleotide sequences of the protein-coding genes produced a robust tree with 100% posterior probability at almost all nodes. The results indicate that Amphipoda and Isopoda cluster together(Edriophthalma)(BPP=100).Phylomitogenomic analyses strong support that Euphausiacea is nested within Decapoda, and closely related to Dendrobranchiata, which is also consistent with the evidence from developmental biology. Yet the taxonomic sampling of mitochondrial genome from Malacostraca is very biased to the order Decapoda, with no complete mitochondrial genomes reported from 11 of the 16 orders. Future researches on sequencing the mitochondrial genomes from a wide variety of malacostracans are necessary to further elucidate the phylogeny of this important group of animals. With the increase in mitochondrial genomes available, phylomitogenomics will emerge as an important component in the Tree of Life researches.  相似文献