Spontaneous Emission of Gravity Waves by Interacting Vortex Dipoles in a Stratified Fluid: Laboratory Experiments     

Yakov Afanasyev 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(2):79-95

Results from a new series of experiments on the geophysically important issue of spontaneous emission of internal gravity waves during unsteady interactions of vortical structures are presented. Vortex dipoles are a common element of a quasi-two-dimensional turbulent flow. Vortex dipoles perform translational motion and can collide with other vortices. During collision events the flow is unsteady and unbalanced and a further adjustment process associated with these events can therefore result in the spontaneous emission of gravity waves. Our laboratory experiments demonstrate that gravity waves are emitted when two translating vortex dipoles interact (collide) in a layered fluid, in accord with the current theoretical results. The emission was evident both in a two-layer system and in a fluid with a linear distribution of density with depth. The waves were generated during the period of deceleration of the secondary dipoles which constitute a vortex quadrupole emerging immediately after the collision of the primary dipoles.  相似文献   

Reaction time scales for sulphate reduction in sediments of acidic pit lakes and its relation to in-lake acidity neutralisation     

《Applied Geochemistry》2016

Sulphate reduction is a key reaction to remove acidity from water bodies affected by acid mine drainage. In this study, ³⁵SSO₄²⁻ reduction rates determined in sediments from a variety of acidic lignite pit lakes have been compiled. The rates decreased with pH and are strongly dependent on carbon substrate. The rates were fitted to a Monod model adapted to the specific conditions of acidic pit lakes (APL) sediments: i) sulphate reduction rate is independent from sulphate concentration due to the high concentration typically observed in APL systems (10–30 mM), ii) the observed pH dependency of sulphate reduction was accounted for by an inhibition function F_inihibt which considers the occurrence of low cell numbers of sulphate reducing bacteria at pH values < 4.75. Simulated steady-state sulphate reduction rates are predicting measured rates at carbon substrate concentrations of <10 μM. Estimated steady-state reaction time scales range between 2.4 h at pH 7 and 41 h at pH 3 at a carbon half-saturation constant of K_C−S = 100 μM and are increasing with increasing K_C−S values. Time scales at low pH are too long to allow for significant generation of alkalinity during the time of residence of groundwater passing through the top and hence most reactive zone of APL sediments which has important implications for the remediation of acidic pit lakes.  相似文献   

MALBAC技术扩增微生物群落基因组的效率评估     

王勇  高兆明  徐颖  李光玉  贺丽生  钱培元 《海洋学报(英文版)》2016,35(2):131-136

环境样品的低生物量是微生物宏基因组学研究面临的首要挑战,通过基因组扩增技术来满足高通量测序对DNA样品量的需求是最常用的解决策略。MALBAC(Multiple Annealing and Looping Based Amplification Cycles)基因组扩增试剂盒最初为扩增和研究哺乳动物的单细胞基因组而研发。本文中,我们通过人工构建的微生物群落来检测该试剂盒在微生物宏基因组扩增方面的效率和应用可行性。结果表明,每个标准反应中,10 pg的DNA模板量足以满足MALBAC试剂盒对样品扩增的需要。每个标准反应DNA模板用量为10和100 pg时,所扩增DNA样品的基因组覆盖度与原始未扩增样品表现出高度的一致性,证明MALBAC试剂盒扩增效果的高度稳定性和一致性。常用的GenomePlex全基因组扩增试剂盒使我们可以在每个标准反应DNA模板量为100 pg的条件下扩增获得足够的DNA样品,但是结果表明该参照试剂盒无法有效的实现对群落中低丰度细菌菌株基因组的线性扩增。对于MALBAC试剂盒和参照试剂盒而言,在扩增高GC含量的微生物物种基因组DNA方面效率低下。我们的实验结果表明MALBAC试剂盒在高效扩增环境样品宏基因组DNA方面的可行性,但对该试剂盒在扩增环境样品中高GC含量微生物物种方面的适用性存在疑虑。  相似文献   

Study on Water Internal Recycle Process and Mechanism in Typical Mountain Areas of Inland Basins,Northwest China: Progress and Challenge     

Yongjian Ding  Shiqiang Zhang 《地球科学进展》2018,33(7):719-728

The water resource and its change of mountainous area are very important to the oasis economic system and ecosystem in the arid areas of northwest China. Accurately understanding the water transfer and circulation process among vegetation, soil, and atmosphere over different hydrological units in mountainous areas such as snow and ice, cold desert, forest and grassland is the basic scientific issue of water research in cold and arid regions, which is also the basis of water resource delicacy management and regulation. There are many research results on the hydrological function of different land covers in mountain areas, basin hydrological processes, however, there are only very limited studies on the water internal recycle at basin scale. The quantitative study on the mechanism of water internal recycle is still at the starting stage, which faces many challenges. The key project “Study on water internal recycle processes and mechanism in typical mountain areas of inland basins, Northwest China” funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China will select the Aksu River and Shule River Basin, which have better observation basis, as study area. The internal mechanism of moisture transfer and exchange process of different land cover and atmosphere, the internal mechanism of water cycle in the basin, and water transfer paths in atmosphere will be studied through enhancing runoff plot experiments on different land cover, analyzing the mechanism of water vapor transfer and exchange between different land covers in the watershed by isotope tracing on the water vapor flux of vegetation water, soil moisture and atmospheric moisture, improving the algorithms of remote sensing inversion and ground verification on land surface evapotranspiration on different land cover, and analyzing the water vapor flux from reanalysis data, and the coupling modeling of regional climate model and land surface process model. At last, the effect of different land cover in hydrological process of mountain area, and the impact of land cover on downstream oasis will be systematically analyzed.  相似文献   

两方程湍流模型对内背风波数值模拟的影响          下载免费PDF全文

Xuhui Hu  Xuefeng Zhang  Lei Lin  Lianxin Zhang  Shifan Wang 《大气和海洋科学快报》2021,14(5):30-36

为了深入理解非静力近似下的波-湍相互作用问题,本研究在σ坐标的海洋环境研究和预报模型(MERF)中引入常用的Mellor-Yamada两方程湍混合参数化方案(MY2.5),评估垂向湍混合对小尺度背风波传播过程的影响.瞬时状态场的模拟结果表明,无论是否为非静力近似条件,上述湍参数化方案的引入都会减弱背风波传播的模拟效果.从时间平均场的试验结果来看,垂向湍混合过程会显著减小非静力近似和静力近似之间的差异.此外,能量收支分析的诊断结果表明,MY2.5方案会显著抑制陆坡地形下的背风波传播过程,进而将更多的潮能转化到不可逆的湍混合过程中.  相似文献   

鲜水河断裂带乾宁段岩石特征与内部结构及其物理-化学性质     

吴琼  李海兵  CHEVALIER Marie-Luce  米桂龙  李超  何祥丽  李亚林 《岩石学报》2021,37(10):3204-3224

断裂带的变形行为和断层滑移机制是目前地震研究关注的热点,断裂带岩石特征、内部结构与物理化学性质是确定断层蠕滑或粘滑行为以及断层滑移机制的基础和关键。本文以鲜水河断裂带乾宁段地表出露的断裂岩为研究对象,通过野外地质调查、室内光学显微镜、扫描电镜、粒度统计、粉末X射线衍射分析（XRD）和薄片X射线荧光光谱分析（XRF）等多种研究方法,对鲜水河断裂带岩石特征、结构构造、物性、矿物成分及化学元素分布开展了详细的分析,并探讨了相关变形行为和滑移机制。分析表明：（1）断裂带核部主要由黑色断层泥、浅黄色及黄色断层角砾岩和灰色碎裂岩、灰色断层角砾岩组成,呈单核对称结构;（2）黑色断层泥厚3~5cm,具有快速滑动结构特征,表现为断层粘滑行为。断层泥可划分出13个滑移带,最窄滑移带厚约40μm,至少代表13期古地震事件;（3）断层泥主要由伊利石、高岭石和石英等矿物组成,其中边部伊蒙混层含量异常高,为最新一次古地震的主滑移带。由于伊利石和伊蒙混层（或蒙脱石）为主要黏土矿物的断层泥渗透率低、孔隙流体压力大,以及发现断层泥楔入脉,表明地震过程中断层滑动存在热增压弱化机制;（4）从断层泥不同滑动带中碎块蚀变程度和矿物分布特征来看,地震主滑动带有向碎裂岩方向迁移的趋势。推测断层在滑动过程中,更趋向于向弱矿物含量高（如伊利石、伊蒙混层）、强矿物含量低（如方解石、高岭石）的围岩一侧迁移。  相似文献   

Generation of oceanic internal gravity waves by a cyclonic surface stress disturbance     

《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2019

Atmospheric cyclones with strong winds significantly impact ocean circulation, regional sea surface temperature, and deep water formation across the global oceans. Thus they are expected to play a key role in a variety of energy transport mechanisms. Even though wind-generated internal gravity waves are thought to contribute significantly to the energy balance of the deep ocean, their excitation mechanisms are only partly understood.The present study investigates the generation of internal gravity waves during a geostrophic adjustment process in a Boussinesq model with axisymmetric geometry. The atmospheric disturbance is set by an idealized pulse of cyclonic wind stress with a Rankine vortex structure. Strength, radius and duration of the forcing are varied. The effect upon wave generation of stratification with variable mixed-layer depth is also examined.Results indicate that internal gravity waves are generated after approximately one inertial period. The outward radial energy flux is dominated by waves having structure close to vertical mode-1 and with frequency close to the inertial frequency. Less energetic higher mode waves are observed to be generated close to the sea floor underneath the storm. The total radiated energy corresponds to approximately 0.02% of the wind input. Deeper mixed-layer conditions as well as weaker stratification reduce this fraction.The low energy transfer rates suggest that other processes that drive vertical motion like surface heat fluxes, turbulent motion, mixed region collapse and storm translation are essential for significant energy extraction by internal gravity waves to occur.  相似文献   

巢湖沉积植硅体组合及中全新世以来的环境演变   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

范斌  许世远  俞立中  蒋辉  冉莉华 《湖泊科学》2006,18(3):273-279

尽管以前对眼虫进行过大量的形态发育研究和基于核糖体RNA基因的系统发育分析,但对于株系之间的关系仍然知之甚少．因其形态特征有限并且易变,很难鉴定眼虫的相似种和同种内不同的株．作者利用微卫星DNA指纹图谱,在七株眼虫中扩增了七个微卫星DNA位点,成功扩增的六个微卫星引物都得到了四到八个条带．从微卫星DNA指纹图谱计算得到的相似性系数范围从0．000到0．957．根据相似性系数得到的树状结构,七株眼虫在距离为0．9346处分为三支:E．mutabilis,E．intermedia和E．gracilis．其中,五株E．gracilis分为两组:来自日本的和美国的．不同地区的株得到不同的基因型,并初步分析了它们之间的关系．研究表明七株眼虫根据微卫星DNA指纹图谱被明显区分开．微卫星DNA指纹图谱具有很高的分辨率,是鉴定和区分原生动物相似种和同种内不同株的一种有用的新方法．  相似文献   

虾夷扇贝TET基因在配子发生和早期发育中的表达模式     

李仰平  张玲玲  李若佼  刘甜  郭振义  李婉茹  包振民 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2020,50(4):54-62

DNA甲基化参与调节动物配子发生和胚胎发育过程,TET基因负责DNA主动去甲基化,在基因印迹去除和细胞全能性获得中起重要作用。为了解海洋贝类配子发生和胚胎发育过程中DNA去甲基化如何发生,本研究以虾夷扇贝为研究对象,鉴定了其TET基因,并分析了该基因在性腺和胚胎幼虫发育中的表达变化。结果表明,虾夷扇贝基因组中含有1个TET基因(PyTET),该基因长39127 bp,包含10个外显子,编码1592个氨基酸,其蛋白具有完整的2OGFeDO超家族的加氧酶结构域。在性腺发育过程中,PyTET基因表达峰值出现在休止期精巢和增殖期卵巢,原位杂交结果显示其在精原细胞、精母细胞中均有表达,在卵母细胞中的表达明显高于卵原细胞;在早期发育过程中,其峰值出现在囊胚期。以上结果提示虾夷扇贝配子发生和胚胎发育过程中均发生了DNA主动去甲基化,这将有助于系统了解表观调控在贝类发育中的作用。  相似文献   

Feeding intensity and molecular prey identification of the mantis shrimp,Oratosquilla oratoria (De Haan, 1844), in the Tianjin coastal zone of Bohai Bay     

Qi-Kang Bo  Yun-Zhao Lu  Hui-Jing Mi  Yan-Guang Yu  De-Xian Gu  Hong-Zheng You  Shuang Hao 《Marine Ecology》2020,41(4):e12594

Bohai Bay, a representative semi-enclosed bay of China, has been severely impacted in recent decades by rapid human development. Although the mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria plays an important role in the Bohai Bay ecosystem and fishery, its feeding ecology and the impact of habitat changes on its feeding habits are poorly known. In this study, we sought to identify its feeding strategy through the separation of stomach contents, and to describe its trophic ecology during maturation in the Tianjin coastal zone of Bohai Bay by the DNA barcoding method using a fragment (about 690 bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (CO I) gene. A total of 594 specimens were collected from March to July 2018, and 347 (58.42%) stomachs were found to have food remains. More than half of the O. oratoria individuals had poor feeding activity, and the degree of feeding of females was higher than that of males, but there was no significant difference in the visual fullness index and the fullness weight index (FWI) between sexes for each month. In addition, the feeding activity of O. oratoria was consistent across the months, suggesting in artificial breeding programs it is not worried too much about the accessional diet supplied to the female bloodstocks except maintaining their normal food. A total of 167 retrieved prey items yielded 187 readable sequences; 86.63% of these sequences could be assigned to the species level. Consequently, 25 different prey taxa covering all readable sequences were identified, showing O. oratoria is a generalist predator. In terms of percent composition by frequency of occurrences (%N), crustaceans and fishes accounted for the same and highest percentage (35.83%) in the mantis shrimp diet, followed by mollusks (24.59%) and the remaining marine organisms (3.73%) including Polychaeta (2.67%), Sagittoidea (0.53%), and Chromadorea (0.53%). The result shows the benthic fish Oxudercidae (family) appears to be an especially important food supply for O. oratoria during maturation. The degree of cannibalism decreased with an increase in diet species and the frequencies of cannibalism in this study was noticeably higher than that in previous studies, suggesting that cannibalism may be a significant feeding strategy in the mantis shrimp O. oratoria in the Tianjin coastal zone of Bohai Bay, and because of the frequently cannibalistic behavior, the high stocking density of broodstocks should be avoided.  相似文献