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61.
62.
P. Cereceda P. Osses H. Larrain M. Farías M. Lagos R. Pinto R. S. Schemenauer 《Atmospheric Research》2002,64(1-4)
A project in northern Chile was undertaken to determine the origin and behaviour of fog in the coastal and inland locations of the Tarapacá Region. In the Pampa del Tamarugal, 50 km from the sea, conditions exist for the formation of radiation fog. Advective fog has been studied on the coast and orographic fog was observed at a few coastal sites near mountain ranges with elevations above 1000 m. Fog water collected by two standard fog collectors (SFC) for 3 1/2 years showed an average flux of 8.5 l m−2 day−1 on the coast and 1.1 l m−2 day−1 inland 12 km from the coastline. On only a few days in 10 months was water collected at the inland site of Pampa del Tamarugal. GOES satellite images are shown to illustrate the pattern of formation of the stratocumuli cloud over the sea, its approach to the coastline, the entrance of fog by corridors through the coastal range and the presence of radiation fog inland. The results are important for the understanding of fog formation and dissipation along the coastal mountain range and for the recognition of potential sites for the installation of fog water collectors, which can be used as a water source in the Atacama Desert. The results also provide vital information for use in the preservation of the unique ecosystems of the most arid desert of the world. 相似文献
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65.
Becky Mansfield 《Geoforum》2003,34(3):329-342
This paper addresses the cultural economy of nature and the material culture of economic practice. Attending to ways that cultural notions about the biophysical world play key roles in political economic conflicts, discussion centers on two recent debates involving the cultural economy of seafood production and trade. The first debate is over whether the label “catfish” should include catfish imported from Vietnam into the United States; the second deals with whether fish and shellfish should be eligible to be certified “organic” under new US regulations. Analysis reveals that the key dynamic in these debates is not necessarily how people think about “nature”, but instead is how people make distinctions about the world. Rather than focusing on what is natural or not, key actors make distinctions among both organisms and environments. The ways that different groups define and enclose the biophysical world works to distinguish places as either appropriate or not for certain kinds of production activities. The overall argument is that significance and meaning of the biophysical become implicated in economic geographies by making distinctions about the world that then become important for how economic activity can work. As such, cultural economic approaches should attend to the ways that the biophysical is involved in relations such as competition and international trade, while nature-society approaches should shift focus from Nature to specific aspects of the biophysical world. 相似文献
66.
Charles E Schweger 《Quaternary Research》2003,60(1):44-49
Pollen analysis at two sites, correlated by the presence of the 190,000 yr-old Sheep Creek tephra, documents fluctuations in vegetation and climate consistent with this date and indicates that the records span marine oxygen isotope stage 7 and the stage 6/7 transition. Dawson Cut, near Fairbanks, Alaska, provides a 5.2-m-long pollen record of interglacial boreal forest succeeded by shrub tundra and then forest/tundra. Ash Bend, Stewart River, central Yukon, provides a 9.5-m-long record of interglacial boreal forest succeeded by forest/tundra, shrub tundra, and herbaceous tundra. The replacement of forest at both sites by more open or tundra vegetation indicates warm interglacial conditions giving way to cold and arid climate. It is not clear whether stage 7 was warmer than the present. The warm-cool-warm climate oscillation evident at both sites may correlate to Lake Baikal substages 7a, 7b, and 7c. Sheep Creek tephra fell on forest/tundra vegetation. 相似文献
67.
68.
This work presents the temporal evolution and spatial distribution of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) measured with the help of passive diffusion tubes in different environments: rural, sub-urban, urban, at La Réunion Island in December 1997 and November 2000 (austral spring), respectively. NO2 concentration exhibits notable enhancement from 1997 to 2000. For instance, its mean concentration was 16 and 20 μg/m3 in December 1997 and November 2000, respectively, at La Réunion Island, especially in inhabited regions due to increase of local anthropogenic activities, mainly traffic circulation, in the absence of house heating and biomass burning. We also observe a net increase of pollutant levels by a factor two in rural/remote areas within 3 years, which is tied to the extension of inhabited areas and air-flows from enhanced local sources. The increase of atmospheric pollutants is mainly due to enhancement of anthropogenic activities (traffic) since the 1990s at La Réunion Island, which results from a constant increase of population and consequently, from a higher number of vehicles in circulation. Importantly, in cities like Saint-Denis, where traffic network has been subject to notable improvement (e.g. single to double lanes, etc.), pollutant levels exhibit little variability as in temperate continental latitudes. Semi-continuous NO2 concentration measured in parallel with ozone in November 2000 also showed that daytime photochemical ozone production is influenced by pollutant and precursor (NO2) levels at Saint-Denis, while nighttime ozone increase is mainly tied to dynamical processes. The November 2000 ozone diurnal pattern is notably different from that observed in September 1995, during which a daytime ozone loss was observed, pointing out that atmospheric conditions have been subject to notable changes, i.e., clean to moderately polluted, within a few years at La Réunion Island. The results presented here point out that the ‘source enhancement effect’ is superimposed on dynamical and photochemical processes to influence pollutants variability and hence atmospheric chemistry, in a quite ‘pristine’ tropical oceanic region. 相似文献
69.
Marine contamination of groundwater may be caused by seawater intrusion and by salt spray. The role of both processes was
studied in the Cyclades archipelago on four small islands (45–195 km2) whose aquifers consist essentially of fractured, weathered metamorphic rocks. Annual rainfall ranges from 400 to 650 mm
and precipitation has high total dissolved solids contents of 45–223 mg l–1. The chemical characteristics of the groundwater, whose salinity is from 0.4 to 22 g l–1, are strongly influenced by seawater intrusion. However, the effect of atmospheric input is shown in certain water sampling
locations on high ground elevation where the dissolved chloride contents may attain 200 mg l–1.
Received: 14 November 1995 · Accepted: 9 September 1996 相似文献
70.
Conservation tillage and input use 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
N. D. Uri 《Environmental Geology》1997,29(3-4):188-201
There continues to be a question as to the overall effectiveness of conservation tillage practices in reducing the impact
of agricultural production on the environment. While it is generally recognized that water runoff and soil erosion will decline
further, as tillage and mulch tillage systems are not used more extensively on cropland, what will happen to pesticide and
fertilizer use remains uncertain. To gain some insight into this, the conservation tillage adoption decision is modelled.
On the assumption that the decision to adopt conservation tillage is a two-step procedure, the first decision is whether or
not to adopt a conservation tillage production system and the second concerns the extent to which conservation tillage should
be used – appropriate models of the Cragg and Heckman (dominance) type are estimated. Based on farm-level data on corn production
in the United States for 1987, the profile of a farm on which conservation tillage was adopted is that the cropland had above-average
slope and experienced above-average rainfall, the farm was a cash grain enterprise, and it had an above-average expenditure
on pesticides and a below-average expenditure on fuel and custom pesticide applications. Additionally, for a farm adopting
a no-tillage production practice, an above-average expenditure was made on fertilizer.
Received: 18 September 1995 · Accepted: 6 December 1995 相似文献