Material flow analysis for an industry—A case study in packaging     

Kevin Sandgren 《Natural Resources Research》1996,5(4):235-247

The basic materials used in packaging are glass, metals (primarily aluminum and steel), an ever-growing range of plastics, paper and paperboard, wood, textiles for bags, and miscellaneous other materials (such as glues, inks, and other supplies). They are fabricated into rigid, semirigid, or flexible containers. The most common forms of these containers include cans, drums, bottles, cartons, boxes, bags, pouches, and wraps. Packaging products are, for the most part, low cost, bulky products that are manufactured close to their customers. There is virtually no import or export of packaging products. A material flow analysis can be developed that looks at all inputs to an industrial sector, inventories the losses in processing, and tracks the fate of the material after its useful life. An example is presented that identifies the material inputs to the packaging industry, and addresses the ultimate fate of the materials used.Correspondence should be directed to Earle B. Amey, U.S. Geological Survey, National Center 983, Reston, Virginia 20192.  相似文献   

Elastic Wave Propagation In A Medium Containing Oriented Inclusions With A Changing Aspect Ratio: A Physical Model Study     

J. M. Ass'ad  J. A. Mcdonald  R. H. Tatham  T. M. Kusky 《Geophysical Journal International》1996,125(1):163-172

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岩石受力状态对弹性波传播速度影响的初步研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

刘盛东  杨玉岷 《中国煤田地质》1996,8(3):48-51

岩石所受的三向应力状态对其弹性波传播性质有一定的影响，此认识为所做的以泥质砂岩、泥岩和硅质胶结的坚硬砂岩为试样的实验所证实。为保证岩石中存在微隙，对部分试样还作了高温预热处理。实验结果表明，泥质砂岩和泥岩的Ｖ＿ｐ／Ｖ＿ｓ值几乎保持不变，但坚硬砂岩的Ｖ＿ｐ／Ｖ＿ｓ值曲线却在应力达破坏荷载的９０％左右时出现下凹现象，经热处理的硬砂岩的这一下凹现象则更突出。  相似文献   

等高活篱笆试验研究的若干问题^*   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

李秀彬  施迅 《地理研究》1996,15(1):66-72

本文讨论了等高活篱笆技术在设计、管理和效益分析等方面的原则与方法,指出应结合当地的自然条件和社会经济需求,围绕一两种主要功用来应用这种坡地持续利用技术。植物种类选择和篱笆的管理应以篱笆植物的属性、篱笆的形成及农林复合系统中各组分的和谐关系为依据。活篱笆改善生态的功能、社会经济效益宜采用费用-效益分析的方法进行评价。  相似文献   

The influence of stiffness of the true triaxial testing machine on the rupturing and acoustic emission of rocks and its correlation with seismic activities     

Zhaoyong Xu  Shirong Mei  Cantao Zhuang  Peilin Li 《地震学报(英文版)》1992,5(2):367-379

This paper introduces how the ratioR of the characteristic stiffness of rock samplevs. the stiffness of testing machines would influence the rupturing process and the acoustic emission (AE) on the part of the tested rock samples. Result of the experiment shows: WhenR>0.20, the rock sample would rupture abruptly; whereas whenR<0.20, the rock samples would rupture slowly. When the samples rupture abruptly, the time-dependent variation of the AE rate takes such a pattern:peak value—stable low values—rises to the maximum value (concentration)—drops back to the minimum value (quiescence)—(rises again)—ruptures. Moreover, smallerR-value tends to be associated with longer quiescence and vice versa. WhenR>1.50, no pre-failure quiescence is detected. When the rock samples rupture slowly, the variation pattern of the AE rate (after the stress has increased to more than 50% of the rupturing stress) is as the following:stable low (or high) values—rises (or drops) to its maximum (or minimum) values and then continues for some time—ruptures. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 223–233, 1991. This study is supported by the Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation.  相似文献   

Lg amplitude ratios H/Z and station terms in the six eastern provinces of China     

Huancheng Ge  Caizhong Huang  Yuewei Ni  Yongqin Li 《地震学报(英文版)》1992,5(2):257-261

Using the data set of about 1 Hz Lg amplitudes from 80 stations in the six eastern provinces of China, the ratios of horizontal to vertical amplitude of Lg waves,H/Z are determined. The mean lg(H/Z)-value is equal to 0.13. For the station bases of soft deposit,granite and sedimentary rock, lg(H/Z)-values average 0.55, 0.04 and 0.10, respectively. For the three kinds of station bases, the station terms of horizontal amplitude,C _h average 0.65, −0.09 and 0.00; that of vertical amplitude,C _z average 0.32, −0.04 and 0.00, respectively. There are the relations betweenC _h ,C _z and lg(H/Z):C _h =0.01+2.10C _z andC _h =−0.15+1.46 lg(H/Z). The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 281–286, 1991. Project sponsored by the Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation.  相似文献   

热液体系氢、氧同位素分馏机制及其地质意义   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  

陈振胜  张理刚 《地质学报》1992,66(2):158-169

探讨了热液体系氢、氧同位素地球化学行为及其与水/岩交换同位素分馏的内在关系。有效W/R值是除温度条件外,另一控制蚀变岩石和热液水氢、氧同位素组成变化的因素。此外还根据数个矿区成矿热液水和蚀变岩石氢、氧同位素组成及变化特征对水/岩交换和W/R值的应用及地质意义展开讨论。最后提出热液体系中大气降水和岩浆热液水氢、氧同位素组成演化模式简图。  相似文献   

A discussion on the amplitude ratios of PP and P waves for earthquakes with different focal mechanisms     

Yuru Zhuo 《地震学报(英文版)》1992,5(1):33-43

Using the WKBJ approximation method we calculate the synthetic teleseismograms of P and PP waves to match the observed ones of six large Chinese earthquakes with known focal mechanisms: Tibet earthquake of July 14, 1973; Haicheng earthquake of February 4, 1975; Songpan earthquakes of August 16, 1976, August 21, 1976 and August 23, 1976 and Nignhe earthquake of November 15, 1976. The focal mechanism of the Tibet earthquake is discussed to examine the technique used in the calculation. We note that the amplitude ratios of PP and P waves (A _PP/A _P) have different characteristics for dip—slip events and strike—slip events within certain epicentral distances. We calculate the synthetic teleseismograms of P and PP waves for the strike—slip and dip—slip events with fault angles of 330°, 240° and 0°, focal depths of 8 km, 17 km and 24 km, at the assumed station with an azimuth of 310° and epicentral distances from 40°; to 80°. The diagrams of maximum amplitude ratios of PP and P waves (A _PP/A _P) versus distances are given. The possibility to use the (A _PP/A _P) values to give an approximate estimation for the focal mechanism type is discussed. This work may be useful for determining the focal mechanism type for those earthquakes which have only few records such as the Chinese earthquakes from the 1930s to 1960s. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 150–160, 1991.  相似文献   

Quantitative assessment of future development of cooper/silver resources in the Kootenai National Forest,Idaho/Montana: Part I—Estimation of the copper and silver endowments     

Gregory T. Spanski 《Natural Resources Research》1992,1(2):163-183

Faced with an ever-increasing diversity of demand for the use of public lands, managers and planners are turning more often to a multiple-use approach to meet those demands. This approach requires the uses to be mutually compatible and to utilize the more valuable attributes or resource values of the land. Therefore, it is imperative that planners be provided with all available information on attribute and resource values in a timely fashion and in a format that facilitates a comparative evaluation.The Kootenai National Forest administration enlisted the U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Bureau of Mines to perform a quantitative assessment of future copper/silver production potential within the forest from sediment-hosted copper deposits in the Revett Formation that are similar to those being mined at the Troy Mine near Spar Lake. The U.S. Geological Survey employed a quantitative assessment technique that compared the favorable host terrane in the Kootenai area with worldwide examples of known sediment-hosted copper deposits. The assessment produced probabilistic estimates of the number of undiscovered deposits that may be present in the area and of the copper and silver endowment that might be contained in them.Results of the assessment suggest that the copper/silver deposit potential is highest in the southwestern one-third of the forest. In this area there is an estimated 50 percent probability of at least 50 additional deposits occurring mostly within approximately 260,000 acres where the Revett Formation is thought to be present in the subsurface at depths of less than 1,500 meters. A Monte Carlo type simulation using data on the grade and tonnage characteristics of other known silver-rich, sediment-hosted copper deposits predicts a 50 percent probability that these undiscovered deposits will contain at least 19 million tonnes of copper and 100,000 tonnes of silver. Combined with endowments estimated for identified, but not thoroughly explored deposits, and deposits that might also occur in the remaining area of the forest, the endowment potential increases to 23 million tonnes of copper and 190,000 tonnes of silver.  相似文献   

Particle motion and the modelling of strain response in magnetic fabrics   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Carl Richter 《Geophysical Journal International》1992,110(3):451-464

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