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11.
David
Scheel
《Marine Ecology》2002,23(3):185-206
Abstract. Habitat characteristics associated with the giant Pacific octopus, Enteroctopus dofleini (Wülker 1910), were studied in Prince William Sound and Port Graham, Alaska, from beach walk, SCUBA and submersible surveys at depths of 0 to 197 m. Octopus counts on beach walk transects were positively correlated with soft substrates (sand, gravel or broken rubble), the presence of boulders, and dense kelp cover immediately offshore of the transect; and negatively correlated with depth on SCUBA transects. No significant habitat correlations were found with counts on submersible transects. On beach walks, octopus counts were reduced on hard substrates to 38 % of the counts on soft substrates. Counts increased five‐fold in the presence of boulders over counts in their absence, and increased fifteen‐fold adjacent to dense (> 75 %) kelp cover over counts adjacent to sparse (< 25 %) kelp cover. On SCUBA transects, the average density at less than 5 m depth was over five times that below 5 m. No trends in octopus size or sex ratio were detected with depth. Den use was inversely correlated with depth although there was no indication that den availability declined with depth. Octopuses were found at densities from 0 to 2.5 per 1000 m2. These densities were only 1 to 50 % of densities of the same species recorded in British Columbia in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Few data are available to test recruitment, mortality, and habitat selection hypotheses that would account for differences between habitats. However, the presence of the highest octopus densities in intertidal and very shallow subtidal areas indicates the likely importance of near‐shore, shallow‐water habitats, and highlights the vulnerability of octopus populations to changes in these habitats. 相似文献
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本文测定了大黄鱼C3(L.c-C3)和C4(L.c-C4)基因的c DNA全序列。结果表明,L.c-C3和L.cC4序列全长分别为4962bp和5088bp,分别编码1653和1695个氨基酸,N端信号肽序列分别为23和19个氨基酸。推导的氨基酸序列结构分析表明大黄鱼C3和C4与已报道的补体C3、C4同样都具有在功能上比较重要的残基以及保守的硫酯区。分子进化分析表明,L.c-C3和L.c-C4分别与鮸鱼C3、C4的氨基酸同源性最高。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,L.c-C3和L.c-C4在健康大黄鱼的肝脏、脾脏、肠、鳃、心脏、脑、肌肉和胃这8种组织中都有表达,其中肝脏的表达量最高。在大黄鱼胚胎不同发育时期(从2细胞期到初生仔鱼)中,L.c-C3在各个阶段没有明显的变化,而L.c-C4的表达量有明显升高。溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)侵染的大黄鱼肝脏和脾脏中,L.c-C3和L.c-C4的m RNA表达量均明显上调。该结果表明,大黄鱼肝组织C3和C4基因表达变化与溶藻弧菌的侵染密切相关,揭示了C3和C4在大黄鱼抗细菌免疫反应中具有重要的作用。 相似文献
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2020年6~12月在南麂列岛采捕一种中大型章鱼44只,描述了形态特征,采用多元分析方法分析了形态多样性,并比较了与真蛸的差异,利用线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基I(COI)基因序列构建了系统发育树,并计算了Kimura-2-Parameter(K2P)遗传距离。结果表明,此种章鱼形态特征与中华蛸基本一致,而与真蛸存在显著的形态差异:其第二、三对腕的扩大吸盘位于第12~15个吸盘之间,而真蛸则位于第15~19个吸盘之间;茎化腕吸盘数少于真蛸;舌叶指数小于真蛸。主成分分析与判别分析能将真蛸群体显著区分开,判别准确率为100%,而其余四个群体(南麂列岛与三个中华蛸群体)间存在重叠;聚类分析表明南麂列岛群体与中华蛸更近,二者均与真蛸存在较大距离。在遗传多样性分析中,南麂列岛群体单倍型4个,单倍型多样性水平为0.320±0.121,多态位点6个,核苷酸多样性指数为0.001 11;系统发育树表明,该群体与中华蛸亲缘关系最近,K2P遗传距离0.14%,而与真蛸复合体其他类型为2.96%~12.11%。因此,从形态和分子水平鉴定南麂列岛章鱼为中华蛸。 相似文献
16.
Chris Lalas 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(2):635-642
Macroctopus maorum, also known as Octopus maorum and Pinnoctopus cordiformis, grows to 12 kg and is the largest octopod in Australasia. In New Zealand, this species features in the diets of seals and albatrosses. Beaks of depredated octopus resist digestion and accumulate in the stomach until regurgitated or defecated. Beaks of M. maorum were differentiated reliably from those of other octopods in prey remains for octopus > c.100 g. Previous studies estimated the size of depredated M. maorum from measures of lower beaks using equations derived either from a small sample of M. maorum or from related species. Here, allometric equations to estimate ventral mantle length (4.6–27.5 cm), dorsal mantle length (5.1–29.0 cm), total length (20–198 cm), and body mass (36–12 000 g) were derived from measures of both upper and lower beaks of 90 specimens of M. maorum. These regressions were imprecise and reflected innate variability in octopus morphometrics, a characteristic reflected in the results of analyses of published data for M. maorum from northern New Zealand and for two other large octopods, Octopus vulgaris and Enteroctopus magnificus. 相似文献
17.
Rigoberto Rosas‐Luis María de Lourdes Jimnez Badillo Lucia Montoliu‐Elena Piedad S. Morillo‐Velarde 《Marine Ecology》2019,40(1)
Octopuses are active predators that feed on a wide range of prey including crustaceans, fishes, and mollusks. They are important components of coral reef systems and support local and artisanal fisheries in the Gulf of México. Octopus insularis has been found to be one of the most relevant components in catches from the coral reef system of Veracruz in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico, and its role in the ecosystem requires assessment. To corroborate the morphological identification of O. insularis, six octopuses were identified by genetic methods. And to understand the trophic relationships between this octopus species and its prey, 394 octopuses caught during 2016 and 2017 by an artisanal fleet were sampled and their stomach contents analyzed. Results showed that crustaceans are the most frequently consumed group, with the genera Mithraculus and Etisus being the most important in the diet. Fishes, bivalves, and gastropods were identified as uncommon prey items in the diet. Their presence in the stomachs could be related to the movement of this octopus outside of the coral reef. Considering that our samples were of medium‐ and large‐sized individuals, cannibalism could be discarded for O. insularis in this size range in the Veracruz reef system. These findings suggest a generalist and opportunistic predation of O. insularis on the most abundant and available prey in the study area, namely the crustaceans. These represents an effective transfer of biomass from the low trophic levels to top predators in the coral reef system. 相似文献
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Abstract. Diet and foraging behavior of Octopus dofleini in Prince William Sound and Port Graham, Alaska, were studied from collections of den litter, measurements of octopuses and estimates of live prey abundance. Based on 193 den collections from depths of - 31 to + 1.3 m, a diet of hard-bodied prey could be identified. The five most common litter species made up 80% of the litter remains, with nearly 30 species of various taxa malung up the rest. The proportions of major hard-bodied prey species in each litter pile significantly differed with depth of den, associated substrata, presence of cobble and geographical location but not with the presence of boulders or outcrop, the density of kelp or season of litter collection. Octopus weight was not significantly correlated with the size of prey remains although O. dofleini may take a wide range of prey sizes once it reaches 2.5 kg. O. dofleini was more likely to be found at sites with crabs, although no litter species was significantly preferred over its estimated abundance, and one species was significantly avoided. These results suggest that O. dofleini includes suitable bivalve and crab species in its diet in relation to live abundance, while at the same time exercising an element of selectivity, as some species were actively avoided. Comparison of litter remains from the northern-most range of O. dofleini with those published for British Columbia show that diet breadth was similar, but the identity of major hard-bodied prey species was very different for Alaskan octopuses. 相似文献
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天鹅湖长蛸营养成分的分析及评价 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对长蛸(Octopus minor)肌肉组织营养成分、营养价值进行了分析评定。结果表明:长蛸肌肉样品中,粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分的鲜质量分数和干质量分数分别为14.85%和71.80%、0.41%和2.0%、1.94%和9.36%,水的质量分数为79.30%;测得17种氨基酸,总质量比是651.7 mg/g,必需氨基酸质量比为256.5 mg/g,占氨基酸总量的39.36%;必需氨基酸中色氨酸得分最高为217,所有必需氨基酸均在53分以上,半胱氨酸+蛋氨酸为第一限制性氨基酸;共检测10种主要脂肪酸,其中EPA+DHA的总质量分数为31.23%(雌)、32.10%(雄);富含钠、钾、钙、镁、铁等11种矿物元素,微量矿物元素中锌质量比最高,为111.36 mg/g;维生素A、B含量丰富。 相似文献
20.
短蛸(Octopus ocellatus)四个地理群体遗传特性的AFLP 分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
应用AFLP标记技术对我国北方近海短蛸的遗传多样性进行分析。采用6对AFLP引物组合对4个群体(大连、烟台、青岛、连云港)120个个体进行扩增,其中每对引物扩增位点数在42—66之间,共得到303个扩增位点。4个群体内的多态位点比例为62.03%—67.93%。群体的Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)为0.2353—0.2617,Shannon多样性指数(I)为0.3497—0.3863,群体间的遗传距离为0.0497—0.085;大连群体的多态位点比例、Shannon多样性指数和群体Nei’s基因多样性指数均高于其它三个群体。用UPGMA方法构建的群体系统进化树显示,大连群体与烟台群体聚到一起,青岛群体与连云港群体聚到一起,显示群体间具有典型的地理特征,但群体间存在遗传渗透。分子变异分析(AMOVA)结果表明,短蛸群体88.28%的变异来源于群体内,群体间的变异占11.72%,显示短蛸的遗传变异主要来源于群体内个体间,但群体间已经有了一定程度的遗传分化。 相似文献