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61.
We simulate direct current (DC) borehole resistivity measurements acquired in steel-cased deviated wells for the assessment
of rock formation properties. The assumed data acquisition configuration considers one current (emitter) and three voltage
(collector) electrodes that are utilized to measure the second difference of the electric potential along the well trajectory.
We assume a homogeneous, 1.27-cm-thick steel casing with resistivity equal to 10 − 5 Ω· m. Simulations are performed with two different numerical methodologies. The first one is based on transferring two-dimensional
(2D) axisymmetric optimal grids to a three-dimensional (3D) simulation software. The second one automatically produces optimal
3D grids yielded by a 3D self-adaptive goal-oriented algorithm. Both methodologies utilize high-order finite elements (FE)
that are specially well-suited for problems with high-contrast coefficients and rapid spatial variations of the electric field,
as it occurs in simulations that involve steel-cased wells. The method based on transferring 2D-optimal grids is efficient
in terms of CPU time (few seconds per logging position). Unfortunately, it may produce inaccurate 3D simulations in deviated
wells, even though the error remains below 1% for the axisymmetric (vertical) well. The method based on optimal 3D grids,
although less efficient in terms of CPU time (few hours per logging position), produces more accurate results that are validated
by a built-in a posteriori error estimator. This paper provides the first existing simulations of through-casing resistivity
measurements in deviated wells. Simulated resistivity measurements indicate that, for a 30° deviated well, measurements in
conductive layers 0.01 Ω· m) are similar to those obtained in vertical wells. However, in resistive layers (10,000 Ω· m),
we observe 100% larger readings in the 30° deviated well. This difference becomes 3,000% for the case of a 60° deviated well.
For this highly-deviated well, readings corresponding to the conductive formation layer are about 30% smaller in magnitude
than those in a vertical well. Shoulder effects significantly vary in deviated wells. 相似文献
62.
In this paper, we formulate a finite-element procedure for approximating the coupled fluid and mechanics in Biot’s consolidation
model of poroelasticity. We approximate the flow variables by a mixed finite-element space and the displacement by a family
of discontinuous Galerkin methods. Theoretical convergence error estimates are derived and, in particular, are shown to be
independent of the constrained specific storage coefficient, c
o
. This suggests that our proposed algorithm is a potentially effective way to combat locking, or the nonphysical pressure
oscillations, which sometimes arise in numerical algorithms for poroelasticity. 相似文献
63.
Angelo Paone 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2008,97(3):635-650
A compilation of B–Be–Li data on rocks that cover the entire eruptive history of Somma-Vesuvius is presented and interpreted
in the light of evolution models for the Somma-Vesuvius rocks. Using major and trace element data, fractional crystalllization
models are presented for different geochemical units. These data were used to constrain the source mineralogy of the Somma-Vesuvius
rocks (ol-opx-cpx-gar-amp of 0.4-0.3-0.1-0.1-0.1), the amount of sediment added (5–10%) and the melt fraction from batch partial
melting computations (0.05–0.1). From the B–Li data it is inferred that the main process responsible for the B isotopic signature
is sediment recycling. However, the B–Li data show a major variation in Li abundances respect to B which is explained with
Li dehydration before the fluid enriched the mantle wedge that produced the arc magmas. The Somma-Vesuvius B isotope composition
is intermediate between that of the Campi Flegrei and the broad field of the Eolian Island arc. A low Be isotopes in the recent
volcanic rocks can be explained as: (a) the top 1–22 m of the incoming sediment is accreted, (b) large amounts of sediment
erosion, (c) a slow rate of subduction which have provoked a long magmatic history for the Vesuvius magma, (d) the sediment
component takes several Myr longer than the subducting plate to reach the magma source region beneath Italy. 相似文献
64.
利用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析技术,对乌达矿区低温氧化和新鲜煤样进行了红外光谱测试,通过两类煤样的特征官能团吸光度的对比分析.揭示了煤在氧化前后特征官能团的变化规律:氧化后的煤样中脂肪族和芳烃CH减少,酸酐C=O从无到有,芳烃骨架C=C基本不变,进而研究了其对煤自燃倾向性的影响。结果表明脂肪族和羟基含量越高,煤自燃倾向性越大。 相似文献
65.
Maria Economou-Eliopoulos 《Ore Geology Reviews》1996,11(6):363-381
Compilation of some new data on ophiolites for Greece and Yugoslavia, and published data from previous studies, indicate that platinum-group element (PGE) and gold concentrations in chromite ores are generally low, ranging from less than 100 ppb to a few hundred ppb. However, samples from several ophiolite complexes exhibit an enrichment (of a few ppm) (a) only in Os, Ir and Ru,(b) only in Pt and/or Pd or (c) in all PGE. This enrichment (up to 10s ppm) is mainly related with chromitites hosted in supra-Moho dunites and dunites of the uppermost stratigraphic levels of the mantle sequence and it seems to be local, independent of the chromitite major element composition and the chromite potential of the ophiolite complexes. The contents of PGE combined with less chalcophile elements (Ni, Co, Cu), the ratios of incompatible/compatible elements, and PGE-patterns provide evidence for discrimination between chromitites derived from primitive magmas and those derived from partially fractionated magmas, although they have a similar major element composition. Thus, they can be used for a stratigraphic orientation in the mantle sequence, and therefore for exploration targets. Moreover, PGE data offer valuable information for the evaluation of the chromite potential in ophiolite complexes. The most promising ophiolites seem to be those which apart from the petrological and geochemical characteristics indicating extensive degree of partial melting in the mantle source contain only one chromite ore type (the other type being only in small proportion) of limited compositional variation, in both major elements and PGE, low ratios of , while PGE-enriched chromitites in the mantle sequence are only occasionally present. In contrast, ophiolites which contain both high-Cr and -Al chromitites, and where their chalcophile element data implies relatively extensive fractionation trend are not good exploration targets for chromite ores, although they are related with a SSZ environment. 相似文献
66.
浙北双溪坞群的构造特征及地质意义 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文在野外地质工作基础上,通过对双溪坞群的岩层对比和构造分析,认为本区的双溪坞群与上覆地层间在构造样式上的存在着较大差异。双溪坞群的章村组和北组具有相似的地质特征,为同一火山放心回的产物。神功运动使早期形成的双溪坞群褶皱造山,开怀 竖线型平臣褶皱构造,并受后期构造的叠加改造,形成轴向北东的叠加褶皱构造格局。 相似文献
67.
A dynamic box model was applied to study the characteristics of biogeochemical cycling of PO_4-P,NO_3-N,AOU,POC and PON in the southern Taiwan Strait region based on field data of the"Minnan Taiwan Bank Fishing Ground Upwelling Ecosystem Study" during the period of Dec.1987-Nov.1988.According to the unique hydrological and topographical features of the region,six boxesand three layers were considered in the model.The variation rates and fluxes of elements induced by hor-izontal current,upwelling,by diffusion,sinking of particles and biogeochemical processes were estimatedrespectively.Results further confirmed that upwellings had important effects in this region.Thenearshore upwelling areas had net input fluxes of nutrients brought by upwelling water,also had high de-pletion rates of nutrients and production rates of particulate organic matter and dissolved oxygen.Theabnormal net production of nutrients in the middle layer(10-30m) indicated the important role of bacte-ria in this high production region.Th 相似文献
68.
强亲铁元素与亲石元素具有不同的地球化学行为,因此能够从不同的角度为造山带中超镁铁岩的成因及演化提供重要信息。位于苏鲁造山带东北端的胶东海阳所超镁铁岩主要由橄榄岩和辉石岩组成,它们常以团块状赋存于花岗质片麻岩中。虽然前人对这些超镁铁岩已经开展大量岩石学研究,但关于其成因及构造属性仍存在较大争议。本文开展了海阳所超镁铁岩的全岩主微量元素、强亲铁元素及Re-Os同位素的分析工作,结果显示蛇纹石化橄榄岩具有较高的MgO和Fe2O3T含量,较低的Al2O3、TiO2和CaO含量,明显富集流体迁移元素(U、Pb),亏损高场强元素(Zr、Hf),强亲铁元素没有发生明显分异,但Ru显示正异常,表明海阳所蛇纹石化橄榄岩是经历了低-中等程度部分熔融及熔/流体交代作用影响的残余地幔橄榄岩。海阳所辉石岩的主量元素表现出明显的结晶分异特征,稀土元素较原始地幔富集,铂族元素(PGEs)含量较低且发生了明显的分异,表明辉石岩的地幔源区经历过高程度的部分熔融和硫化物的分离。海阳所蛇纹石化橄榄岩的Os同位素地球化学特征表现出大洋亲和性,与辉石岩不具有熔体-残留体的关系。由于该地区发育较深层次的韧性剪切带,蛇纹石化橄榄岩中的橄榄石与辉石表现出韧性变形的特征,同时有辉石岩侵入到橄榄岩的现象,表明该地区的蛇纹石化地幔橄榄岩与辉石岩既不同时,也不同源,因此,暗示了该套岩石组合可能形成于大洋核杂岩(OCC)与洋脊型蛇绿岩(MOR)堆晶岩交互发育环境。 相似文献
69.
为研究地铁建设对济南白泉泉群的影响,在综合分析白泉泉域地质、水文地质条件的基础上,假定研究区岩溶强径流带位置及水力性质,利用FEFLOW软件建立地下水流数值模型。以规划地铁M1号线为研究对象,分析了济南东站、梁王站、梁王东站分别施工及3个站同时施工4种情景下,采用施工降水或施工降水+人工回灌两种施工方式对白泉泉群流量的影响。结果表明:单独采用施工降水的施工方式使得白泉泉群流量衰减,其中3个站同时施工对泉流量的影响最大,泉流量最大衰减达5.48%;各站分别施工时,济南东站对泉流量影响最大,泉流量较未施工时减少了0.043×104 m3/d。采用施工降水+人工回灌的施工方式,能够有效缓解泉流量的衰减,各车站施工时的泉流量衰减由仅施工降水时的2.26%~5.48%降低至0.08%~1.21%。岩溶强径流带有利于地下水形成优势径流,促进白泉泉群补给,一定程度上缓解因地铁施工引起的泉流量衰减。 相似文献
70.
D. Traor A. Beauvais T. Aug F. Chabaux J.-C. Parisot M. Cathelineau C. Peiffert F. Colin 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2006,88(1-3):350
Eluvial concentration of platinum-group minerals (PGM) has developed in the south of New Caledonia, from the weathering of a mafic and ultramafic cumulate. The platinum/palladium (Pt/Pd) ratio evolution from the bottom to the top of the weathering profile indicates a chemical mobilization of Pd in supergene environment. The examination by scanning electron microscopy of the residual PGM collected in the weathering profile and their chemical characterization by electronic microprobe show a preservation of the structure and chemical signature (in the core of the grains) of the fresh PGM. This clearly demonstrates that the PGM studied here are residual and are affected by dissolution process. 相似文献