The global distribution of methane in the troposphere   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

L. P. Steele  P. J. Fraser  R. A. Rasmussen  M. A. K. Khalil  T. J. Conway  A. J. Crawford  R. H. Gammon  K. A. Masarie  K. W. Thoning 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1987,5(2):125-171

Methane has been measured in air samples collected at approximately weekly intervals at 23 globally distributed sites in the NOAA/GMCC cooperative flask sampling network. Sites range in latitude from 90° S to 76° N, and at most of these we report 2 years of data beginning in early 1983. All measurements have been made by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector at the NOAA/GMCC laboratory in Boulder, Colorado. All air samples have been referenced to a single secondary standard of methane-in-air, ensuring a high degree of internal consistency in the data. The precision of measurements is estimated from replicate determinations on each sample as 0.2%. The latitudinal distribution of methane and the seasonal variation of this distribution in the marine boundary layer has been defined in great detail, including a remarkable uniformity in background levels of methane in the Southern Hemisphere. We report for the first time the observation of a complete seasonal cycle of methane at the South Pole. A significant vertical gradient is observed between a sea level and a high altitude site in Hawaii. Globally averaged background concentrations in the marine boundary layer have been calculated for the 2 year-period May 1983–April 1985 inclusive, from which we find an average increase of 12.8 ppb per year, or 0.78% per year when referenced to the globally averaged concentration (1625 ppb) at the mid-point of this period. We present evidence that there has been a slowing down in the methane growth rate.Presented at the Conference on the Scientific Application of Baseline Observations of Atmospheric Composition (SABOAC), Aspendale, Australia, 7–9 November 1984.  相似文献   

中生代火山岩铀矿与重力场的关系     

蒋金元  沈俊福 《铀矿地质》1986,(4)

本文在综合整理中国东南沿海一带区域物化探资料的基础上,对羊洲-下桐市-火轩市-酒港一带中生代火山岩铀矿化与深层构造和物化探异常的关系进行了研究。讨论了莫霍面、区域重力场和深层构造的关系;重力梯度带与火山岩铀矿的关系;重力梯度带内浅部重力异常与铀矿的关系。提出了中生代火山岩型铀成矿带与上地幔变异带、重力梯度带之间有密切相关的分布规律,重力梯度带内的浅部重力异常可以确定铀矿的空间位置等看法。此外,水系沉积物的分析结果也反映出Cu、Pb、Zn、Ag以及Ni、Cr、Co等元素的异常,在重力梯度带内有着特定的展布规律,其空间分布与铀元素也具有密切的联系。  相似文献   

盐用做高温高压实验传压介质一种新方法     

孙天泽  刘斟 《地球物理学进展》1995,10(4):32-37

固体传压高温高压岩石三轴实验中，固体传压介质是影响实验结果的重要因素，ＮａＣｌ介质以它流动性好，围压均匀等特点，八十年代以来越来越受到人们青睐。本文用ＮａＣｌ介质在〈３ＧＰａ固体传压三轴流变仪〉上进行了高温高压岩石流变特性的实验研究，并达到了较高的压力（〉２ＧＰａ）和温度（〉１２００℃）；本文同时利用ＮａＣｌ介质对样品装样方式及温度、压力等相关测定方面进行了研究。  相似文献   

GRADIENT MEASUREMENTS OF METHANE FLUX IN LIN''''AN RICE PADDIES          下载免费PDF全文

邵志清  李兴生  周秀骥  王木林 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1995,(2)

From July to September of 1990,CH_4 flux measurements were made in Lin'an rice paddies using gradient profiletechniques.Some characteristics of the turbulence structure under the stable conditions have been verified in the surfacelayer according to the in situ measurements.The semi-empirical turbulent parameters β_m,β_h and β_c and their changeswith the stability parameter Ri are given.Observed results indicate that CH_4 flux in the rice-paddy is mainly decided bythe methnogenesis and the process of CH4 transport from internal soils to the atmosphere,and that the CH_4 verticaltransfer is depressed in the stable surface layer.The CH_4 flux shows that its obvious diurnal changes,and the meanCH_4 flux are higher in nighttime and lower in daytime,and the peaks appear at about 2000 BST at night and 0300 BSTin the early morning,respectively.The mean value of CH_4 flux is about 4.18±2.3 mg/m~2 h.  相似文献   

GRADIENT MEASUREMENTS OF METHANE FLUX IN LIN’AN RICE PADDIES^*          下载免费PDF全文

Shao Zhiqing  Li Xingsheng  Zhou Xiuji  Wang Mulin 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1995,9(2):152-161

From July to September of 1990,CH₄ flux measurements were made in Lin'an rice paddies using gradient profile techniques.Some characteristics of the turbulence structure under the stable conditions have been verified in the surface layer according to the in situ measurements.The semi-empirical turbulent parameters β_m,β_h and β_c and their changes with the stability parameter Ri are given.Observed results indicate that CH₄ flux in the rice-paddy is mainly decided by the methnogenesis and the process of CH₄ transport from internal soils to the atmosphere,and that the CH₄ vertical transfer is depressed in the stable surface layer.The CH₄ flux shows that its obvious diurnal changes,and the mean CH₄ flux are higher in nighttime and lower in daytime,and the peaks appear at about 2000 BST at night and 0300 BST in the early morning,respectively.The mean value of CH₄ flux is about 4.18±2.3 mg/m² h.  相似文献   

Numerical simulations of katabatic jumps in coats land,Antartica     

Ye Yu  Xiaoming Cai  John C. King  Ian A. Renfrew 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2005,114(2):413-437

A non-hydrostatic numerical model, the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), has been used to investigate the development of katabatic jumps in Coats Land, Antarctica. In the control run with a 5 m s^-1downslope directed initial wind, a katabatic jump develops near the foot of the idealized slope. The jump is manifested as a rapid deceleration of the downslope flow and a change from supercritical to subcritical flow, in a hydraulic sense, i.e., the Froude number (Fr) of the flow changes from Fr > 1 to Fr> 1. Results from sensitivity experiments show that an increase in the upstream flow rate strengthens the jump, while an increase in the downstream inversion-layer depth results in a retreat of the jump. Hydraulic theory and Bernoulli's theorem have been used to explain the surface pressure change across the jump. It is found that hydraulic theory always underestimates the surface pressure change, while Bernoulli's theorem provides a satisfactory estimation. An analysis of the downs balance for the katabatic jump indicates that the important forces are those related to the pressure gradient, advection and, to a lesser extent, the turbulent momentum divergence. The development of katabatic jumps can be divided into two phases. In phase I, the t gradient force is nearly balanced by advection, while in phase II, the pressure gradient force is counterbalanced by turbulent momentum divergence. The upslope pressure gradient force associated with a pool of cold air over the ice shelf facilitates the formation of the katabatic jump.  相似文献   

外界条件变化对天然气水合物相平衡曲线及稳定带厚度的影响   总被引：5，自引：6，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

王淑红  宋海斌  颜文 《地球物理学进展》2005,20(3):761-768

目前，有关天然气水合物的相关研究越来越多，而天然气水合物相平衡曲线和稳定带厚度的研究也变得越来越重要.本文利用Sloan的CSMHYD程序研究了外界条件变化对天然气水合物相平衡曲线及稳定带厚度的影响.研究结果表明：当天然气水合物中含有其他气体时，除了氮气会使水合物稳定存在的区域变小外；其他气体都会使稳定区域变大，且甲烷含量越少，水合物越容易形成；对于本文中所提到的几种气体，丙烷和硫化氢对相平衡曲线的影响最大；另外，水合物稳定存在的区域会随着盐度增加而变小.地温梯度、水深、海底温度、气体组成和孔隙水盐度对稳定带厚度的影响不同，其中稳定带厚度与地温梯度呈指数相关关系，与水深呈对数相关关系，与海底温度、水合物中甲烷含量及气体组成呈线性相关关系.水深从1 000 m增加到4 000 m时，稳定带厚度增加了大约400 m；水深2 000 m情况下，地温梯度从0.02℃/m到0.1℃/m变化时，稳定带厚度减薄了大约660 m；底水温度从0~17℃的变化过程中，稳定带厚度减薄了大约1000m；在水合物中气体组成从纯甲烷到含20%乙烷时，稳定带厚度增加了大约170m；盐度在0~4.5 wt％的变化中，稳定带厚度减薄了大约130 m.由此可见，在这几种因素中，地温梯度和底水温度对稳定带厚度的影响较大.  相似文献   

淄博市张店南部地热异常成因   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

杨澍  张宏达  李卫中  吴琳 《水文地质工程地质》2005,32(3):59-62

通过研究井温曲线类型,确定研究区纯传导地温梯度为2 5℃100m;结合各单井地温梯度,圈定了地热异常区域;揭示了该区地热异常具有下段以对流为主、上段以传导为主的特点。通过热水水化学和同位素数据的综合分析表明,该区地下热水补给来源为大气降水,热水赋存于断裂裂隙系统中,且沿断裂裂隙垂向运动十分强烈。  相似文献   

论"单位涌水量就是导水系数"   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

兰太权 《地下水》2007,29(5):43-45,68

单位涌水量是井抽水水位降深换算为1 m时的单井出水量;导水系数是含水层宽度为1 m时,地下水水力坡度为1时的单宽流量.二者之间从定义上看毫无关系,但它们的单位(m3/d·m)(m2/d)是相同的.笔者经过多年探讨和初步试验后发现,单位涌水量就是管井抽水所利用含水层的导水系数.  相似文献   

Link between convection and meridional gradient of sea surface temperature in the Bay of Bengal   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

D. Shankar  S. R. Shetye  P. V. Joseph 《Journal of Earth System Science》2007,116(5):385-406

We use daily satellite estimates of sea surface temperature (SST) and rainfall during 1998–2005 to show that onset of convection over the central Bay of Bengal (88–92°E, 14–18°N) during the core summer monsoon (mid-May to September) is linked to the meridional gradient of SST in the bay. The SST gradient was computed between two boxes in the northern (88–92°E, 18–22°N) and southern (82–88°E, 4–8°N) bay; the latter is the area of the cold tongue in the bay linked to the Summer Monsoon Current. Convection over central bay followed the SST difference between the northern and southern bay (ΔT) exceeding 0.75°C in 28 cases. There was no instance of ΔT exceeding this threshold without a burst in convection. There were, however, five instances of convection occurring without this SST gradient. Long rainfall events (events lasting more than a week) were associated with an SST event (ΔT ≥ 0.75°C); rainfall events tended to be short when not associated with an SST event. The SST gradient was important for the onset of convection, but not for its persistence: convection often persisted for several days even after the SST gradient weakened. The lag between ΔT exceeding 0.75°C and the onset of convection was 0–18 days, but the lag histogram peaked at one week. In 75% of the 28 cases, convection occurred within a week of ΔT exceeding the threshold of 0.75°C. The northern bay SST, T _N , contributed more to ΔT, but it was a weaker criterion for convection than the SST gradient. A sensitivity analysis showed that the corresponding threshold for T _N was 29°C. We hypothesise that the excess heating (∼1°C above the threshold for deep convection) required in the northern bay to trigger convection is because this excess in SST is what is required to establish the critical SST gradient.  相似文献