A comparison of permafrost prediction models along a section of Trail Ridge Road, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Jason R. Janke  Mark W. Williams 《Geomorphology》2012,138(1):111-120

The distribution of mountain permafrost along Trail Ridge Road (TRR) in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, was modeled using ‘frost numbers’ and a ‘temperature of permafrost model’ (TTOP) in order to assess the accuracy of prediction models. The TTOP model is based on regional observations of air temperature and heat transfer functions involving vegetation, soil, and snow; whereas the frost number model is based on site-specific ratios of ground temperature measurements of frozen and thawed degree-days. Thirty HOBO© temperature data loggers were installed near the surface as well as at depth (30 to 85 cm). From mid-July 2008 to 2010, the mean annual soil temperature (MAST) for all surface sites was − 1.5 °C. Frost numbers averaged 0.56; TTOP averaged − 1.8 °C. The MAST was colder on western-facing slopes at high elevations. Surface and deeper probes had similar MASTs; however, deeper probes had less daily and seasonal variation. Another model developed at the regional scale based on proxy indicators of permafrost (rock glaciers and land cover) classified 5.1 km² of permafrost within the study area, whereas co-kriging interpolations of frost numbers and TTOP data indicated 2.0 km² and 4.6 km² of permafrost, respectively. Only 0.8 km² were common among all three models. Three boreholes drilled within 2 m of TRR indicate that permafrost does not exist at these locations despite each borehole being classified as containing permafrost by at least one model. Addressing model uncertainty is important because nutrients stored within frozen or frost-affected soils can be released and impact alpine water bodies. The uncertainty also exposes two fundamental problems: empirical models designed for high latitudes are not necessarily applicable to mountain permafrost, and the presence of mountain permafrost in the alpine tundra of the Colorado Front Range has not been validated.  相似文献   

Quaternary glaciation in the Nubra and Shyok valley confluence, northernmost Ladakh, India     

Jason M. Dortch  Lewis A. Owen 《Quaternary Research》2010,74(1):132-180

Three glacial stages (Deshkit 1, Deshkit 2 and Dishkit 3 glacial stages) are identified in the Nubra and Shyok valleys in northernmost Ladakh, northwest India, on the basis of geomorphic field mapping, remote sensing, and ¹⁰Be terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide surface exposure dating. The glacial stages date to ∼ 45 ka (Deshkit 1 glacial stage), ∼ 81 ka (Deshkit 2 glacial stage) and ∼ 144 ka (Deshkit 3 glacial stage). A mean equilibrium line altitude depression of ∼ 290 m for the Deshkit 1 glacial stage was calculated using the area accumulation ratio, toe-to-headwall ratio, area-altitude, and area-altitude balance ratio methods. Comparison of glaciation in the Nubra and Shyok valleys with glaciations in the adjacent Central Karakoram of northern Pakistan and northern side of the Ladakh Range of northern India indicates that glaciation was synchronous on Milankovitch timescales across the region during MIS-6, but differed greatly in extent, with more extensive glaciation in the Karakoram than the morphostratigraphically equivalent glaciation on the northern slopes of the Ladakh Range. This highlights the strong contrast in the extent of glaciation across ranges in the Himalaya-Tibetan orogen, necessitating caution when correlating glacial successions within and between mountain ranges.  相似文献   

黑龙江省多宝山斑岩型铜(钼)矿床成矿流体特征及演化   总被引：7，自引：4，他引：3  

刘军  武广  钟伟  朱明田 《岩石学报》2010,26(5):1450-1466

黑龙江省多宝山斑岩铜(钼)矿床位于小兴安岭西北部,是中亚-兴蒙造山带北东段最大的斑岩型铜(钼)矿床,矿体产于加里东期花岗闪长岩和中奥陶世多宝山组安山岩、凝灰岩中。铜矿化与绢英岩化关系密切,而钼矿化主要产于钾硅化带中。矿区内脉体广泛发育,从早到晚依次为:石英+钾长石脉、早阶段石英+辉钼矿脉、晚阶段石英+辉钼矿脉、石英+黄铜矿+黄铁矿脉、石英+黄铁矿脉和方解石+石英脉。脉石英中广泛发育流体包裹体,包括气液两相水溶液包裹体(W型)、纯气相包裹体(G型)、含CO2三相包裹体(C型)及含子矿物多相包裹体(S型)。石英+钾长石脉中仅发育气液两相包裹体,均一温度峰值﹥550℃、盐度为16.2%～18.1%NaCleqv;早阶段石英+辉钼矿脉中发育大量气液两相包裹体和含子矿物多相包裹体,并见少量含CO2三相包裹体,均一温度集中在350～450℃、盐度变化于1.1%～﹥65.3%NaCleqv;晚阶段石英+辉钼矿脉体发育大量含CO2三相包裹体和含子矿物多相包裹体,另有少量气液两相包裹体,均一温度集中在270～350℃、盐度为0.8%～42.4%NaCleqv;石英+黄铜矿+黄铁矿脉中发育丰富的气液两相包裹体,见少量含子矿物多相包裹体、含CO2三相包裹体和纯气相包裹体,均一温度峰值在230～330℃、盐度为0.8%～42.4%NaCleqv;石英+黄铁矿脉和方解石+石英脉中仅发育气液两相包裹体,均一温度变化于110～200℃、盐度为3.9%～8.4%NaCleqv。成矿流体在古深度4.1km左右,温度在230～450℃之间、压力在10～41MPa之间,发生了强烈的流体沸腾作用,大量CO2等气体从流体中释放出来,黄铜矿、斑铜矿和辉钼矿等巨量沉淀下来,形成了铜(钼)矿体。成矿流体总体上属H2O-CO2-NaCl体系,多期次的流体沸腾作用是该矿床的主要成矿机制。  相似文献   

Tectonic controls on a large landslide complex: Williams Fork Mountains near Dillon, Colorado   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Karl S. Kellogg   《Geomorphology》2001,41(4)

An extensive ( 25 km²) landslide complex covers a large area on the west side of the Williams Fork Mountains in central Colorado. The complex is deeply weathered and incised, and in most places geomorphic evidence of sliding (breakaways, hummocky topography, transverse ridges, and lobate distal zones) are no longer visible, indicating that the main mass of the slide has long been inactive. However, localized Holocene reactivation of the landslide deposits is common above the timberline (at about 3300 m) and locally at lower elevations. Clasts within the complex, as long as several tens of meters, are entirely of crystalline basement (Proterozoic gneiss and granitic rocks) from the hanging wall of the Laramide (Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary), west-directed Williams Range thrust, which forms the western structural boundary of the Colorado Front Range. Late Cretaceous shale and sandstone compose most footwall rocks. The crystalline hanging-wall rocks are pervasively fractured or shattered, and alteration to clay minerals is locally well developed. Sackung structures (trenches or small-scale grabens and upslope-facing scarps) are common near the rounded crest of the range, suggesting gravitational spreading of the fractured rocks and oversteepening of the mountain flanks. Late Tertiary and Quaternary incision of the Blue River Valley, just west of the Williams Fork Mountains, contributed to the oversteepening. Major landslide movement is suspected during periods of deglaciation when abundant meltwater increased pore-water pressure in bedrock fractures.A fault-flexure model for the development of the widespread fracturing and weakening of the Proterozoic basement proposes that the surface of the Williams Range thrust contains a concave-downward flexure, the axis of which coincides approximately with the contact in the footwall between Proterozoic basement and mostly Cretaceous rocks. Movement of brittle, hanging-wall rocks through the flexure during Laramide deformation pervasively fractured the hanging-wall rocks.  相似文献   

大兴安岭北段奥陶系砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学及其地质意义     

冯志强  刘永江  李伟民  赵英利  蒋立伟 《岩石学报》2021,37(5):1469-1488

东北陆块群是中亚造山带的主要构造单元,关于其前寒武纪古老基底属性的判别、古生代构造单元划分及增生造山演化过程一直是地质学家研究热点。兴安增生地体被认为是东北陆块群的重要组成部分,由于其前寒武纪沉积-岩浆记录的大量缺失,使得奥陶纪沉积-岩浆事件成为研究其构造演化的关键。本文对出露于兴安增生地体奥陶系的多宝山组进行了碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年、锆石Hf同位素及地球化学分析,旨在准确限定多宝山组的沉积时限,揭示其沉积环境及物源区性质。研究结果表明,来自大扬气镇南、花朵山南部及伊尔施西北部三个地区的多宝山组变质砂岩的最年轻锆石年龄分别为481±5Ma (D9088)、462±5Ma (296NJ-1) and 473±11Ma (HDG06),类似于其对应加权平均年龄482±3Ma (n=12)、475±6Ma (n=10)和483±8Ma (n=7),由此限定多宝山组的沉积下限为早-中奥陶世。其中1.0Ga样品数量最多的锆石年龄为462～520Ma,峰值年龄为516Ma、497Ma和482Ma;次者在790～980Ma,该年龄区间出现969Ma、830Ma、788Ma、760Ma等峰值; 1.0Ga的具有较弱的峰值(1321～2410Ma),主要为1882Ma和2410Ma两个峰值,以上所有峰值与额尔古纳地块内部同期岩浆岩体完全吻合,说明所研究样品的物源区主要来自额尔古纳地块。对比分析不同区域多宝山组碎屑锆石Hf同位素特征,发现自东向西越靠近额尔古纳地块,多宝山组碎屑锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值越小,二阶段模式年龄t_(DM2)越老,暗示物源区基底古老物质逐渐增多。结合奥陶系砂岩的地球化学特征,我们推测这种变化趋势可能反映了由活动大陆边缘向额尔古纳地块内部过渡的构造环境。  相似文献   

Rock avalanches of the Ardon River valley at the southern foot of the Rocky Range,Northern Caucasus,North Osetia   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

A.?L.?StromEmail author 《Landslides》2004,1(3):237-241

Deposits of very large rock avalanches were identified at the southern foot of the Rocky Range of the Northern Caucasus. Cliffs facing the Ardon River are 1–1.5 km high and composed of Cretaceous and upper Jurassic, hard, crystaline limestone, underlain by softer, middle Jurassic shale, siltstone and sandstone flysh. The largest rock avalanche, at Karivhoh, is ~2×10⁹ m³ in volume, travelled more than 7 km, and covered about 18 km² with deposits up to 200–300 m thick. All rock-avalanche bodies are composed of intensively crushed debris overlain by a blocky carapace. Numerous subsequent landslides develop within these deposits, and pose a threat to villages built on them.  相似文献   

Aeolian modification of moraine soils,Whiskey Basin,Wyoming, USA     

Michael T. Applegarth  Dennis E. Dahms 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2004,29(5):579-585

Soils along catenas of Pinedale (15–20 ka) and Bull Lake (100–130 ka) age moraines at Whiskey Basin in the Wind River Range, Wyoming, USA, were sampled to assess the effects of aeolian processes on soil development here. Aeolian processes appear to have in?uenced soils by both depositing sediments and eroding topsoils. Pedogenic silt (often used as an indicator of wind deposition) accumulated in the Bull Lake soils moderately correlate with pedogenic clay accumulated, suggesting that ?ne sediments may have been deposited and incorporated into soil formation here. Following removal of previous topsoil by wind during Pinedale glaciation, Bull Lake B horizons have developed into contemporary A horizons. These data further link aeolian processes to soil development on piedmont moraines throughout the Wind River Range. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Petrogenesis and significance of early Yanshanian syenite-granite complex in eastern Nanling Range   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4  

CHEN Peirong  ZHOU Xinmin  ZHANG Wenlan  LI Huimin  FAN Chunfang  SUN Tao  CHEN Weifeng & ZHANG Min . State Key Laboratory of Mineral Deposits Research  Department of Earth Sciences  Nanjing University  Nanjing  China  . Tianjin Institute of Geology  Mineral Resources  China Geological Survey  Tianjin  China 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2005,48(7)

According to the statistics for granitoid distribution map of 1/2000000 Nanling region[1], the granitoids in the Nanling region sum up an area of more than 170000 km2, occupying about one fifth of the entire Nanling region. Granitoid rocks in the Nanlingregion are mainly composed of monzogranites (occu- pying more than 84%), granodiorites (about 11%) and syenogranites (about 3%)[2]. There also exists a small amount of syenites (0.12%) with a sum area of about 94 km2[2]. However, nearly half …  相似文献   

中国福建省亚热带山地4000年来植被变化的孢粉记录(英文)     

邱宏烈 《福建地理》2006,(3)

根据采自福建省中部戴云山脉亚高山水系源头地带(大致25°40′N,118°11′E)泥炭沉积洼地的孢粉纪录,对该地区亚热带山地植被近4000年来的变化进行了研究.孢粉记录和其他沉积资料显示,3个取样点的泥炭沉积开始于4000年前,很可能是全新世后期气候转冷的结果.在距今4000~1200年前期间,戴云山脉上部(海拔1300~1600m)的植被为亚热带针阔叶混交类型,优势种属包括Cryptomeria(柳杉)、Castanopsis(栲)、Quercus(栎)和Tsuga(铁杉)等.距今1200年前左右,该区域的植被发生了一次大的变化,表现在上述优势属种的孢粉在样品总孢粉数的比例突然下降,而Pinus(松),Gramineae(禾本科)以及Dicranopteris(芒萁)等属种的比例则提高了.这次剧烈的植被变化在其中的一个泥炭钻孔中留下了一层粘土记录,它代表了当时流域内植被受破坏后出现的严重土壤侵蚀.从泥炭沉积提取的孢粉记录还可以看出,研究区内广泛分布的松林是一种次生植被,它是人类不断干扰的结果.  相似文献   

东北亚断陷盆地系与北美西部盆岭省伸展作用对比   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

任建业  李思田 《地质科技情报》1998,17(3):7-11

与北美西部盆岭省相比,东北亚新陷盆地系是一独具有特色的大陆裂陷作用区,该断陷盆地系发育于晚中生代期间,以巨大的规模,复杂的动力学背景和伴有一套大陆边缘扩张型火山岩组合为特征。东北亚断陷盆地系发育于宽裂陷作用背景之下,盆地拉伸率较低,但沉降较深,蕴藏有巨大的能源资源,是我国东部重要的煤和油气探领域。  相似文献